tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32678944467383097342024-03-19T00:20:14.061-07:00Unprofessional Translationtranslatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.comBlogger491125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-79784382234111202582023-05-03T09:21:00.003-07:002023-05-09T05:59:05.851-07:00A Chatbot Experiment<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEil-sWUT-GznlxakLRSynLzg8as-1pFzC5UewJtvdr_NyXLs2ugT0vdBpOucSniLzZBImP1_TUzEkb3EwKtNc0HCajUlUPUOcpxZW8-jHCT2Mwy39jOWJWqxiWc7rVHfHaMi83tp7xlwKJX6H9XwJltO-WAfuTnhKvaJ-N3AJvX-avITiklr_Qpfi9A2g" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="163" data-original-width="310" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEil-sWUT-GznlxakLRSynLzg8as-1pFzC5UewJtvdr_NyXLs2ugT0vdBpOucSniLzZBImP1_TUzEkb3EwKtNc0HCajUlUPUOcpxZW8-jHCT2Mwy39jOWJWqxiWc7rVHfHaMi83tp7xlwKJX6H9XwJltO-WAfuTnhKvaJ-N3AJvX-avITiklr_Qpfi9A2g" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;">In the previous post we lauded some
of the wonders of which the new generation of chatbots is capable. In this post
it we will look at some of the drawbacks. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;">To be fair, It must be said that
the home screen of <b>ChatGPT</b> displays a whole list of caveats: not up to date by
several years, may occasionally produce biased content, may give information
that is plain wrong, etc. The internet is buzzing with examples. Rather than
make an invidious selection, I decided to conduct my own experiment. Here’s a
foretaste.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;">There’s is a long-established
Irish-Spanish family in the city of Valencia, Spain, where I Iive, which played a
prominent role in its modernisation in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
The family name is <b>Trenor</b>. I’d heard of them but wanted to know more. To my
consternation, the answer came back from ChatGPT that it had no information
about the family. The answer is all the harder to understand because there’s a
long article about the Trenors in <i>Wikipedia</i>! True ChatGPT adds, “</span><span style="background: rgb(247, 247, 248); color: #374151;">I cannot access up-to-date information on
specific families or individuals without violating their privacy;” but I didn’t
specify “up to date.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: rgb(247, 247, 248); color: #374151;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: rgb(247, 247, 248); color: #374151;">Undaunted, I decided to try a second experiment, this time
on a topic that should be more familiar to regular readers of this blog and so
make it easier for them to judge the result.. The question was, <b>“Who</b> <b>first
proposed the natural translation hypothesis.”</b> This time I did get a meaningful
response – only it was a wrong one. It was that the inventor was <b>Eugene Nida</b>.
Nida was an immensely influential translatologist; there was a time, when I was
beginning in translation studies, that no thesis was complete <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">without a reference to him. And it’s true
that Nida recommended the use of natural-sounding target language. However, he
did not formulate a natural translation hypothesis and he used <i>natural</i> in quite
a different sense. Why then did ChatGPT make this mistake? We can only
speculate, because chatbots are black boxes whose workings are not revealed by
their designers if they even understand them themselves. It could not be for
lack of data, since a cursory search with <i>Google</i> finds lots of references to
the hypothesis. So a more likely explanation is failure to apply the<i> longest match</i>
principle. The principle states that when seeking to match strings of
characters or words, only the longest match is acceptable. Could it be that
ChatGBT mistakenly stopped seeking after <i>translation</i> and missed <i>hypothesis</i>?</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;">The next thing that happened was my
mistake. I pressed a wrong keyboard key and as a result the previous question
was repeated. Again I soon got an answer – but it was not the same one! It was
this:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="border: 1pt solid rgb(217, 217, 227); mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;">“The
Natural Translation Hypothesis was proposed by <b>Gideon Toury</b>, an Israeli scholar
and translation theorist, in his influential book "Descriptive Translation
Studies and Beyond" published in 1995. Toury's Natural Translation
Hypothesis suggests that translations are influenced by various factors such as
the translator's language competence, the target culture, and the translation
norms of the time, which shape the translation process and result in
translations that are shaped by the target language and culture, rather than
being an exact replica of the source text. Toury's work has had a significant
impact on the field of translation studies, and the Natural Translation
Hypothesis is considered a fundamental concept in translation theory.”</p></div></blockquote><div style="border: 1pt solid rgb(217, 217, 227); mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm;">
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;">This is
much better. In fact Toury was very sympathetic to the hypothesis, as I know
from personal correspondence with him. However, he had his own model of how the
translation ability develops and he had his own term for it, which was <i>native
translation</i>. And he never called it a hypothesis.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;">Notwithstanding
the disappointments, I decided to have one last try. By this time there were already
imitators and competitors of ChatbotGPT on the market, so I turned to one of
them, <b>BingAI</b>. Here’s its equally fast response:<o:p></o:p></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"></p><blockquote>"Brian Harris is credited with proposing the Natural Translation Hypothesis. According to Harris, natural translation is a way of translating that occurs when a person translates without any formal training or knowledge of translation theory. The hypothesis suggests that natural translation is a more effective way of translating than traditional methods. Harris' work has been influential in the field of translation studies and has led to further research into natural translation."</blockquote><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">This is a correct answer to the query, though the hypothesis doesn't suggest that natural translation is “more effective.” It seems that BingAI is capable of going beyond its data and making things up into what are now called <i>hallucinations</i>.</span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;">A single example isn’t enough to
declare one chatbot superior to another. However, if there’s a lesson we can learn
from it it's not to rely on only one chatbot. If there is the slightest
doubt, try another.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Sources</b></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="DE" style="color: black;">ChatGPT. https://chat.openai.com</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="DE" style="background: white; color: black;">BingAI.
https://bing.com/chat</span>.<span lang="DE" style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-3759729780404127982023-03-24T03:55:00.000-07:002023-03-24T03:55:45.817-07:00ChatGPT on Child Translators and Bilingualism<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhF6iODlD2EGde1NW3loCJxO73RyhU-LcHZ3MDUHS-ZoRw-SJnuk5bEI2DivOKUI5tHhobd2PSGsg52N1jdceuoozCKnr3-6ye29lC0_ta4TuBbgVAhRQR7g0os5EOyDU69HjO9kBg8gQWcwgdc8cChQcNXdN7kHPWjSD7jvp0eqBF8XKmpEwDWieM--A" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="245" data-original-width="326" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhF6iODlD2EGde1NW3loCJxO73RyhU-LcHZ3MDUHS-ZoRw-SJnuk5bEI2DivOKUI5tHhobd2PSGsg52N1jdceuoozCKnr3-6ye29lC0_ta4TuBbgVAhRQR7g0os5EOyDU69HjO9kBg8gQWcwgdc8cChQcNXdN7kHPWjSD7jvp0eqBF8XKmpEwDWieM--A" width="319" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;">If you haven’t heard of <b>ChatGPT</b> you
must have been sleeping for the past two months. Never has software or firmware
caused such a kerfuffle. There’s so much<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>about </span>ChatGPT and the like – let’s call
them generically Chats – which are fed by vast amounts of stored texts and from which they extract and reformulate output. This is what it seems to me that I do when
I formulate my texts. The notion that we generate sentences by building a
combination of syntax and vocabulary is greatly over-simplified. Most of the
time we draw on phraseology we have previously read or heard, that is to say
most of our language output is built up of prefabricated elements strung together.
It’s not so much generative as imitative, although we have the advantage over
the Chats for now that we can check and postedit as we go along. This is
important because Chats reproduce errors in their input: as the old saying goes,
garbage in, garbage out.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;">Use of the Chats is arousing much
controversy. Some schools and universities have banned them and are even going
back to pencil and paper for exams. Other people see them as an educational aid.
They are a particular boon to students whose first language is not English,
because they make few language errors.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;">So on the principle that the proof of the pudding is in the eating, I decided to try
ChatGPT out on a couple of topics that are bound to be of interest to readers
of this blog. The following are the results.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><i></i></p><blockquote><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><i>Q: Can children do translation?<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><i>Chat: Yes, children
can do translation, however, their ability to translate accurately and fluently
will <o:p></o:p></i></p>
<div style="border: solid #D9D9E3 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><i>depend on
many factors such as their age, language proficiency, and level of education.
Children who are exposed to multiple languages from an early age tend to
develop better language skills, including the ability to translate. However, it
is important to note that translation is a complex task that requires a deep
understanding of the source and target languages, as well as cultural knowledge
and context.<o:p></o:p></i></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p><i> </i></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><i>Q: How many
languages can a person learn?<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<div style="border: solid #D9D9E3 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><i>Chat: A
person can learn as many languages as they have time, resources, and motivation
to learn. There is no theoretical limit to the number of languages a person can
learn. However, the number of languages that a person can be fluent in or
near-native in is often limited by their cognitive and linguistic abilities, as
well as the amount of time and effort they are able to put into learning each
language.</i></p></div></blockquote><div style="border: solid #D9D9E3 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><i><o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;">So far so
good. A student who gave those replies in an exam could hardly be failed, although
references are lacking. Now let’s try something that requires more thought.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p><blockquote><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Write one page
about the advantages of being bilingual.<o:p></o:p></p>
<div style="border: solid #D9D9E3 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><i>Chat: Being bilingual has numerous advantages that can positively impact an
individual's personal and professional life.<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><i>Firstly,
bilingual individuals have a competitive advantage in the job market. Many
employers value bilingual employees, as they can expand the company's customer
base, enhance communication with clients, and facilitate business opportunities
in other countries. Bilingual employees are often sought after for roles in
customer service, marketing, translation, and other fields that require
language skills.<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><i>Additionally,
being bilingual has cognitive benefits. Studies have shown that speaking two
languages can enhance problem-solving and decision-making skills, improve
memory, and delay the onset of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Bilingual
individuals often have to switch between two languages, which can help improve
cognitive flexibility and multitasking abilities.<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><i>Furthermore,
being bilingual can also lead to cultural competence and a better understanding
of other cultures. Learning another language opens up new perspectives and can
broaden an individual's world view. Bilingual individuals often have a better
appreciation for cultural diversity and are able to communicate effectively
with people from different backgrounds.<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><i>Moreover,
being bilingual can enhance personal relationships and travel experiences.
Knowing another language allows individuals to converse with people they may
not have been able to communicate with otherwise, making it easier to form new
relationships and connect with others. When traveling, knowing a second
language can make navigating a foreign country much easier and more enjoyable.<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><i>In conclusion, being bilingual has numerous advantages that can enhance
an individual's personal and professional life. It can lead to a competitive
advantage in the job market, cognitive benefits, cultural competence, and
improved personal relationships and travel experiences. The benefits of being
bilingual are numerous and should be considered by anyone looking to expand
their skills and opportunities.</i><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p>Now write one page <b>in French</b>
about the advantages of being bilingual.</p></div></blockquote><div style="border: solid #D9D9E3 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"></p></div><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<div style="border: solid #D9D9E3 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1.0pt;">
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="FR"><i></i></span></p><blockquote><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="FR"><i>Chat: Les avantages d'être bilingue<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="FR"><i>Être bilingue signifie être capable de parler
deux langues couramment et avec aisance. Cela peut apporter de nombreux
avantages, tant sur le plan personnel que professionnel.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="FR"><i>Tout d'abord, être bilingue peut améliorer les
compétences linguistiques en général. Apprendre une deuxième langue peut
renforcer la compréhension et la maîtrise de la première langue. De plus, cela
peut également ouvrir la voie à l'apprentissage de langues supplémentaires, car
les compétences linguistiques acquises dans l'apprentissage de la première
langue peuvent faciliter l'apprentissage d'autres langues.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="FR"><i>Sur le plan personnel, être bilingue peut
enrichir la vie en permettant de communiquer avec un plus grand nombre de
personnes. Cela peut également renforcer les liens avec les amis et la famille
qui parlent une autre langue, ainsi que faciliter les voyage dans des pays où
la deuxième langue est parlée.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="FR"><i>Enfin, être bilingue peut également apporter des
avantages professionnels considérables. Les employeurs sont souvent très
intéressés par les employés bilingues, car cela signifie qu'ils peuvent
communiquer avec un plus grand nombre de clients et de fournisseurs. De plus,
les compétences linguistiques peuvent également être un atout pour les
opportunités de carrière dans les domaines internationaux, tels que le
commerce, la diplomatie, ou le tourisme.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="FR"><i>En résumé, être bilingue peut
améliorer les compétences linguistiques, enrichir la vie personnelle, et
apporter des avantages professionnels considérables. Il est donc fortement
recommandé d'apprendre une deuxième langue pour profiter de tous ces avantages.</i></span></p></blockquote><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="FR"><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="FR">Notice that the French is not an
exact translation of the English so it must have been composed separately, perhaps
from different data.</span><span lang="FR"> </span><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="FR"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="FR" style="color: black;">More soon on this topic.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-6256673947584866472023-02-03T08:25:00.043-08:002023-04-13T10:01:04.446-07:00Bruce McHafffie, Pioneer of Artificial Intelligence in Machine Translation<p><br /></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">This
post is intended as a tribute to one of my students, <b>Bruce McHaffie</b>, whose
pioneering thesis has been relegated to the oblivion that is the fate of so
many MA theses. Bruce was my last student before I left Canada for Spain in the
late 1990s. At that time he was working at the ill-fated Canadian telecommunications
giant Nortel. As I was not competent to advise on or assess the computing
aspect of his work, I turned to <b>Mario Marchand</b>, a professor in the computer
science department, to be co-advisor.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">It
was only an MA thesis, but it could have been the basis for a doctorate. It is
best summarised in Bruce’s own abstract:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"></span></p><blockquote>The
characteristics of automated learning and generalization, and of graceful
degradation in the face of unforeseen input, give neural networks interesting potential
for machine translation (MT). However, the field of connectionist MT has been
little explored by researchers. This thesis provides an introduction to neural
network concepts and summarizes and reviews the research in the field of connectionist
MT. It describes the building, training and testing of TransNet, an embryonic
neural network that translates weather reports from English into French.
TransNet uses an innovative bigram (word pair) data representation which makes
it possible to take some account of word order in the processing.</blockquote><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">This
a case where I must unashamedly say that I learnt more from my student than my
student learnt from me; for the first chapters of the thesis provide an
excellent, clear introduction to connectionist (i.e. neural network) computing,
and if you want to learn about it, even today, you would do well to start
there. He dealt with the training of networks as well as their architecture.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">He did
not claim to be the first to think of using AI for MT. In the second part of
the thesis he reviewed the tentative attempts at it within the application of
AI to natural language processing more generally. His conclusion was this:</span><o:p></o:p></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"></span></p><blockquote>Overall,
given the relative youth of neurocomputing, a surprising variety of approaches
has been used to attack natural language translation. Nonetheless, on first
sight at least two significant areas of investigation have been overlooked.
First, no language-to-language network has been trained on a real-world corpus
of any size; and second, none have been <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>developed
specifically to operate on domain-specific texts (thereby restricting
vocabulary size naturally). The network developed as part of this thesis
attempts to address both oversights.</blockquote><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">Now
we get to chapter 6, which describes <b><i>TransNet</i></b>, “a neural network designed to
translate natural language weather reports from English into French.” The first
caveat to add is that it is not intended to be practical, marketable software.
It is no more than a ‘proof of concept’, that is to say a pilot project which
is executed to demonstrate that an idea is feasible. In this case the output was
actually pointless, since the input was Canadian official weather report texts
that were already routinely translated by an existing non-connectionist MT
system. However, the duplication had an advantage since it provided a standard
by which to judge <i>TransNet</i>’s output. To be considered successful, <i>TransNet</i>’s
output had to be at least as acceptable as that of the existing system. Notice
that this is an MT to MT comparison, not MT to human translation.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">The
main objectives were to train a network using a relatively large natural
language corpus (weather reports) with an interesting vocabulary (meteorology) and
to account for word order in the data representation for input.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">Bruce’s
accomplishment has to be considered in the context of the very limited
resources that were available to him. He had no funds to build (or employ others
to build) his own dedicated networker. He had to work with free off-the-shelf
software called <b><i>Xerion</i></b> from the University of Toronto that dated back to 1992. At
times it was not up to the task.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">Finding
and compiling the training corpus was facilitated – as it has been for other MT
researchers – by Canadian bilingualism. The government service called
<b>Environment Canada</b> must by law publish its weather reports several times a day
in both the official languages, English and French, and it makes them available
on the internet.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">One
of the novelties in <i>TransNet</i> was an input representation that accounted for
word order (whereas earlier researchers had done so inside the network itself).
Bruce was inspired by an approach IBM had used for speech recognition. It
consisted of forming overlapping word triplets or trigrams as the units of
translation. He explained how this was done and how it helped with
disambiguation. But it turned out that his software and hardware could not cope
with this; so instead he scaled back to bigrams instead of trigrams and also
reduced the input corpus. He discovered 506 French bigrams and 465 English
bigrams drawn from 400 English sentences and their 400 French translations.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">Let’s
turn now to the outcome. In brief, using the accuracy measurement that Bruce
devised, the 10 testing sets had an average accuracy of 79.97%. But he would
have benefited from a larger sample size although TransNet had over 230,000 connections. His conclusion:</span><o:p></o:p></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"></span></p><blockquote><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">Part
of the motivation for this thesis was the difficulty of developing sufficiently
flexible rules for translating natural language sentences. We thought it might
be easier to have the computer do the work of analyzing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>text and then inducing rules for reproducing
the text in another language. However, as it turns out this approach does not
make research any easier: the emphasis shifts from linguistic analysis to
building appropriate corpora, conditioning corpus text, developing data
representations, designing network architectures, and building, training and
testing networks… In short, the neural network approach is sadly not the lazy
man’s substitute for morphological, syntactic, and semantic textual analysis.
On the other hand, the onerous steps involved in implementing the neural
network approach are mechanistic and automatable. Rule extraction is an art and
thus inexact, error-prone, and incomplete. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p></blockquote><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">This
short post can do scant justice to a well-written thesis, though the latter is only of
historical interest now. So much has happened since 1997. What was then an
esoteric endeavour by a small coterie of enthusiasts with little or no funding has
boomed into a multimillion sector of consumer products. Every day I receive in
my mailbox advertising by the latest startup that is jumping on the bandwagon. I
am grateful to Bruce that I learnt about neural networks and their potential for
translation so early.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 128.85pt; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Sources</b></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">Bruce
McHaffie. <i>The application of neural networks to natural language translation</i>.
Advisors Brian Harris and Mario Marchand. Dissertation for the degree of Master
of Arts in Translation, University of Ottawa School of Translation and
Interpretation, 1997. https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/4421/1/MO28444.PDF</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">XERION:
natural neuron network simulator. <i>CMU Artificial Intelligence Repository</i>, https://www.cs.cmu.edu/Groups/AI/areas/neural/systems/xerion/0.html.
</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Image</b></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;">From Pisana Ferrari, </span><span style="color: #004d7a;">Working at the intersection of linguistics and artificial
intelligence to advance machine translation performance, </span><span style="color: #6c7888;">2019. </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-90821678389450414742023-01-19T09:42:00.015-08:002023-01-22T02:29:29.106-08:00The Arabic Interpreter Who Saved A Thousand Jews <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEggSu_2MbFsQZiDh3AKlEYa9EJx_N3bTXP69h3vSuC2I12UIH7CwukJB8pnr2uglejbK4juYhpiuL6Ut-DHzD-BepWz1U3WYUSrhz3K6u_kwuP3awyK8UEj8XUMYQsvFpQtEcTEU70Vg__tuYuaNc5wsX7MV1O-VFqMDqRP1VcXZlHv4CEjyZ6uf1ojlw" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="202" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEggSu_2MbFsQZiDh3AKlEYa9EJx_N3bTXP69h3vSuC2I12UIH7CwukJB8pnr2uglejbK4juYhpiuL6Ut-DHzD-BepWz1U3WYUSrhz3K6u_kwuP3awyK8UEj8XUMYQsvFpQtEcTEU70Vg__tuYuaNc5wsX7MV1O-VFqMDqRP1VcXZlHv4CEjyZ6uf1ojlw" width="194" /></a></div><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #5588aa; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Si Kaddour Benghabrit</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><strong><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #333333;">In January 2019, in a post </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #333333;">on this blog </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #333333;">celebrating 100 years of conference
interpreting, there was a mention of the <b>1906 Algeciras Conference</b> because it
was <b>the first major international conference to use an Arabic interpreter</b>. (To
retrieve the post, enter a<i>lgeciras</i> in the Search box on the right.) That was
some 70 years before there were Arabic interpreters at the United Nations. </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333;">The conference was convened by the major
European powers and the United States to ratify European intervention in nearby
Morocco, only 16 nautical miles away directly across the Straits of Gibraltar
to Tangier. The Germans wanted it but eventually the other powers ganged up on
them and awarded it to the French. The conference was a long one; it lasted It
from January to April. It might have been conducted in French, the standard
diplomatic language of the period, had it not been that a key delegate, <b>the
Moroccan Vizier Mohammed Ben Abdelsalem El-Mokri,</b> and likewise his companions,
only spoke Arabic, so they needed an interpreter. Luckily one was found not far
away. He was <b>Elie Cohen</b> from the thriving Jewish community in
Tangier. (There were still remnants of the community, mostly old people, when I
was teaching in Tangier in the 1980s. Tangier is an Arabic-French-Spanish
trilingual city.) Elie was perhaps the first modern Arabic conference
interpreter. You can still stay for a reasonable price at the beautiful <b>Reina
Cristina Hotel</b> in Algeciras where the conference took place, an oasis
amidst the modern developments of a large container port. When I visited it in
2000 there was a photo of Elie in the hallway together with his visiting card.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333;">Why Algeciras? Obviously its proximity to Morocco and its
ferry to Tangier but there were other reasons. Algeciras in the early twentieth
century was a resort township that catered especially for the British garrison
at Gibraltar, through which it could be reached easily by sea. It had a rail
connection to inland Spain and hence to the rest of Europe. And the Reina
Cristina was no ordinary hotel. Its architect, <b>Thomas Edward Collcutt</b>, had been
the architect of the prestigious Savoy Hotel in London.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333;">And why was the USA invited? To understand this one must know
about the long history of American relations with Morocco. They go back to the
late eighteenth century and the need for Moroccan cooperation to combat piracy.
As a result, the old American consulate in the medina of Tangier is the oldest
American diplomatic building outside of the United States.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333;">However, I made one important mistake in the 2019 post. I
wrote as if Elie Cohen was the only Arabic interpreter at the conference. I now
know that there was also a second Arabic interpreter; and that much more is
known about the second interpreter than about Elie Cohen. His name was </span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">Abdelkader Ben Ghabrit</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333;"> but he was better known as <b>Si Kaddour Benghabrit</b></span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">.
</span><span style="color: black;">(<i>Si</i>
is a dialectal abbreviation of <i>Sidi</i>, a title of respect.)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;">There are substantial biographies
of Benghabrit in <i>Wikipedia</i> and elsewhere, so I will confine myself to two
aspects of his life: his work as an interpreter and his relationship with Jews.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;">He was well prepared to be a
conference interpreter, both linguistically and culturally. In his day his
country Algeria was under French rule. He </span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">received the typical education of the son of a Muslim notable
in the Maghreb at the <i>madrasa </i>(local school)</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">, memorizing the Koran and learning classical Arabic (the
language of the Koran, which is very different from Algerian Arabic</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">). At the same time, he also received an education that
reflected the ideology of France's <i>mission civilatrice</i></span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> (‘civilising mission’) under which France
would ‘civilise’ the Algerians by assimilating them into the French language
and culture. Benghabrit became a Francophile who embraced the ideal of
France's <i>mission civilisatrice</i> in Algeria, and as such he was
deeply loyal to France and its values.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;">After studying at the University of al-Karouine </span><span style="background: white; color: black;">at Fez</span><span style="color: black;"> in Morocco</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">, he started
his career in Algeria</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> in the judiciary. As a cosmopolitan, sophisticated man, able
to straddle two very different cultural worlds, he was able to make himself
useful to those who held power. In 1892, he became assistant interpreter at
the Legation</span><span style="background: white; color: black;"> of France</span><span style="background: white; color: black;"> to Tangier</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">; he served as a liaison between North African officials and
the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs</span><span style="background: white; color: black;">.</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> He served as chief of the French Legation in Tangier</span><span style="background: white; color: black;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">in the period 1900-1901. Benghabrit was
fluent in Moroccan Arabic</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> (which is closely related to Algerian Arabic</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">), which gave the French legation an immense advantage over
the legations to <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Morocco who lacked
personnel capable of speaking Moroccan Arabic, and furthermore he was always
well informed about Moroccan affairs. The French diplomat <b>Charles de Beaupoil</b></span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> rated Benghabrit as one of the most
ablest dip lomats he had ever worked with, and as the most able in Morocco. </span><span style="color: black;">By then </span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">Benghabrit held a position in Morocco in the court of the
sultan as an unofficial French diplomat.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><b>Sultan Abdelaziz</b>, the ruler of Morocco</span><span style="color: black;">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> was represented at Algeciras by his
Vizier <b>Muhammed al-Muqri</b></span><span style="color: black;">.</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> Al-Muqri
expressed frustration at the translation situation and commented: "We're
sitting here like statues; we can't understand a thing of what is
said. The Moroccan delegation had no choice but to use Benghabrit although
he was officially there in the service of France.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">In 1912, he interpreted the negotiations between </span><span style="background: white; color: black;"><b>Sultan Abd al-Hafid</b> of Morocco</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> and
the French diplomat<b> Eugène Regnault</b></span><span class="noprint"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">which
culminated in the signing of the <b>Treaty of Fes</b></span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">, and which established </span><span style="background: white; color: black;">the French Protectorate of Morocco</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">. French
Resident <b>General Lyautey</b></span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> then rewarded him with a position as head of protocol
to the sultan.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">At this point I must skip a decade and the First World War
and fast-forward to the 1920s.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #202122;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #202122;">It was then that the French government decided to construct a mosque</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"> in Paris</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #202122;"> to
symbolise the eternal friendship of France and Islam, and memorialise the
sacrifice of the tens of thousands of Muslim soldiers who died fighting in
support of France during World War 1</span><span style="color: black;">. Thus the building known as t</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #202122;">he <b>Great Mosque of Paris</b> was completed in 1926.
At the opening of the Great Mosque, Benghabrit in his speeches in both French
and Arabic praised the "eternal union" of France and Islam. He was
the natural choice to be its first head (<i>Imam)</i>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">Now we must fast-forward again, this time to WW2. By 1940 the
Germans were masters of Paris and the Vichy French government was beginning to
collaborate with their antisemitic campaigns. These went against Benghabit’s
personal feelings and also against the Koran, which accords protected status to
the Jews. He took the dangerous steps of helping French Jews in two ways. One
was to use his religious authority to issue them with false papers certifying
that they were Muslims. The other was to hide Jews, along with some Allied and
Resistance escapees, in the Great Mosque itself. The story goes that he would
hide them in a section of the mosque that he declared was reserved for women,
and then he would prohibit any visiting Germans, being all men, from entering it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">It will never be known for sure how many he saved, because
most of them had false papers. Estimates vary between 500 and 1,500. Anyway a
lot.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">For his contributions, Benghabrit was awarded the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour</span><span style="background: white; color: black;">.</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> He is buried in a reserved area to the North
of the Mosque. The <i>Bâtisseurs de Paix</i></span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">, an association of Jewish and Muslim women working for
inter-community harmony, submitted a petition in 2005 to the Council of Vad Yashem</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black;"> [</span></span><span style="background: white; color: black;">The World Holocaust
Remembrance Center</span><span style="background: white; color: #71777d;">]</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> to recognise that the Mosque of Paris saved
many Jews between 1942 and 1944, and that Vad Yashem should thus recognise Si
Kaddour Benghabrit as one of the Righteous Among the Nations</span><span style="color: black;">.
Alas, t</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">his request
remains unfulfilled, as no survivors have been found because of the false
passports.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">In the perspective of the history of interpreting, Benghabrit
was a distinguished member of the lineage of French interpreter-diplomats that
started under Colbert in the 17th century.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Sources</b></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;">Algeciras Conference. <i>Wikipedia</i>,2023.
There is a photo of the conference in session in the earlier post on this blog.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;">Treaty of Fes [sic]. </span><span lang="IT" style="color: black;"><i>Wikipedia</i>, 2023.</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="IT"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="IT" style="color: black;">Si Kaddour Benghabit. <i>Wikipedia</i>, 2022.</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span lang="IT"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black;">Grande mosque of Paris. <i>Wikipedia</i>,
2023.</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-85160932625772720442022-12-02T03:07:00.008-08:002022-12-03T01:36:51.570-08:00 Child Braille<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgy6Ivtsh8PA4pxF4wBcjzTFcSc0qlxyCtLPBOX87pdohWnHyv5hKX0fziFPs11-50_FbDt4onDoFia_y3oad0djx6GDBjq8rwEIHAUirN8NEs_mvnVYUHbDy6YkShLU1k51dmEP5lTySsoS2_SBharCuQls58mlmBa5UViBb9idysh27MdAUcOzwrxpQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="169" data-original-width="298" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgy6Ivtsh8PA4pxF4wBcjzTFcSc0qlxyCtLPBOX87pdohWnHyv5hKX0fziFPs11-50_FbDt4onDoFia_y3oad0djx6GDBjq8rwEIHAUirN8NEs_mvnVYUHbDy6YkShLU1k51dmEP5lTySsoS2_SBharCuQls58mlmBa5UViBb9idysh27MdAUcOzwrxpQ" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #404040;"> Sebastian Filoramo</span><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span class="posted-on"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span class="posted-on">A recent report in several news sources about a
12-year-old blind Venezuelan boy throws a spotlight on <b>braille</b>. Here’s <i>Reuters</i>’
version:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span class="posted-on"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #404040;"></span></p><blockquote><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #404040;">A blind 12-year-old Venezuelan
soccer fan has found a way to participate in the craze of collecting World Cup
soccer stickers, by adding Braille to them.</span><b><span style="color: #989898;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="texttext1fzle" style="margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #404040;"><b>Sebastian Filoramo</b>,
from the western city of Barquisimeto, began the initiative with the support of
his parents and school teacher a few months ago by buying and labeling the
album stickers with a Braille machine.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="texttext1fzle" style="margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #404040;">"My dad is a
genius, he thinks of everything," Filoramo, who lost his sight as a baby,
said. "He told me: 'Do you want to fill the album? Then let's get it
adapted.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="texttext1fzle" style="margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #404040;"> </span> </p></blockquote><p class="texttext1fzle" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #404040;">Of course this boy
made news because what he’s doing is very topical. But in fact twelve is not
exceptionally young for knowing and using braille. There’s a video on <i>YouTube</i>
of children much younger being taught it (see Sources below).</span></p>
<p class="texttext1fzle" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #404040;"> </span></p>
<p class="texttext1fzle" style="margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #404040;">Braille isn’t
natural. Modern braille was invented in the early nineteenth century by the
blind French teenager whose name it perpetuates. Strictly speaking, coding a
text into braille isn't translating because braille isn’t a language. It’s a
code. It encodes text that is already written in a language. However, braille
coders themselves often call it translation; and anyway it’s covered at the
level of <i>conversion</i>, so we needn’t be too fussy. (For more about conversion,
enter <i>conversion</i> in the Search box on the right.) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="texttext1fzle" style="margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #404040;"> </span></p>
<p class="texttext1fzle" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #404040;">Many people who know something about braille are unaware that it
exists at three levels. Level 1 is the elementary level, where each braille
cell (configuration of six dots) corresponds to a written letter. Young children
begin there. It makes for slow reading, so at level 2 a braille cell may
made to correspond to a whole word or even a whole phrase, a good example of <i>language economy</i>. This is the level of most older users. There is also level 3, which is personalised. Children’s
progression through the levels deserves further study. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="texttext1fzle" style="margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #404040;"> </span></p>
<p class="texttext1fzle" style="margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #404040;">Braille is tactile. Hence
it leads us into the realm of<i> tactile
interpreting</i>, which really is translating and with all the spontaneity of voice
interpreting. Although the number of people who use it is relatively small,
there’s material about it on the internet and even many <i>YouTube</i> videos. Its most
famous user was <b>Helen Keller</b>, who was deaf and blind.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="texttext1fzle" style="margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #404040;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="texttext1fzle" style="margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #404040;">Unlike braille,
which is internationally standardised and has been adapted to many languages, the
methods of tactile interpreting are more local and language dependent. They
deserve more research.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="texttext1fzle" style="margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #404040;"> </span></p>
<p class="texttext1fzle" style="margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #404040;">Both braille and
tactile interpreting are becoming computerised (see the <i>Christian Science
Monitor</i> reference below) , but it doesn’t look as if the manual versions will
go out of use any time soon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="texttext1fzle" style="margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #404040;"> </span></p>
<p class="texttext1fzle" style="margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #404040;"><b>Sources</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #404040; font-family: Colibri, serif;">Reuters. Blind
Venezuelan boy converts World Cup
sticker album into Braille. </span><span style="font-family: Colibri, serif;">November 10,
20223.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Colibri, serif;"><br /></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #0f0f0f; font-family: Colibri, serif;">ONCE. Braitico ayuda a los más pequeños a
aprender Braille de forma natural y divertida [Braitico helps very young
children learn braille naturally and in a fun way]. In Spanish. <i>YouTube</i> </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VDz6GCquqQ"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Colibri, serif;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VDz6GCquqQ</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #0f0f0f; font-family: Colibri, serif;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #0f0f0f; font-family: Colibri, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #0f0f0f; font-family: Colibri, serif;"><o:p>Louis Braille. <i>Wikipedia</i>, 2022.</o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span lang="NL"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span lang="NL">Helen Keller. </span><i>Wikipedia</i>,
2022. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"> </p>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #0f0f0f; font-family: Colibri, serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jingnan Peng. New
touch-based language by DeafBlind people: Protactile. <i>Christian Science Monitor</i>,
2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8im72wFTa9Y.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p></p>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-28706834394020175492022-11-06T21:00:00.000-08:002022-11-06T21:00:45.816-08:00The Natural Translation Hypothesis: Theory or Paradigm?<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjVclAzPdmWEUh6oAgKCjxmVX9q_HeroWKDhAEfw2oqmSGNMTZbqt6E-z23iOtW__NRmYHv0BEQE-gZW0kyRMOfR2-bUwTl3TFdU_1S1jewfcqhsxgDb1Izf1U2qe9KOFgxslKL1ZYgx_vV9euvdH2mPEunobKMVoSAcL9LajUwSuCsuil1vE_l2cIGsw" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="181" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjVclAzPdmWEUh6oAgKCjxmVX9q_HeroWKDhAEfw2oqmSGNMTZbqt6E-z23iOtW__NRmYHv0BEQE-gZW0kyRMOfR2-bUwTl3TFdU_1S1jewfcqhsxgDb1Izf1U2qe9KOFgxslKL1ZYgx_vV9euvdH2mPEunobKMVoSAcL9LajUwSuCsuil1vE_l2cIGsw" width="156" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #111111;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><i>This is another theory post.</i></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Many moons ago, early in the
pandemia, the dean of church interpreting research, <b>Jonathan Downie</b>, in a
friendly post on his blog <i>Still Thinking</i>, questioned my calling the<b> Natural
Translation Hypothesis (NTH)</b> a new paradigm in translation research. (If you
don’t know what NTH is, enter <i>tenets of
the natural translation hypothesis</i> in the Search box on the right.) At the time
I overlooked it, but now I see that quite a lot has been written about
translation paradigms; there are even a couple of YouTube videos about them by
<b>Anthony Pym </b>(see Sources). So here’s my point of view.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Research paradigm has two meanings. A
strict one based on the seminal book <i>The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</i> by
<b>Thomas Kuhn</b>, and a looser one where it is easily confused with category. Branches
of translating like legal translation, simultaneous interpreting, etc., are
categories, not paradigms. NTH is not a category because it applies to all
those branches.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">It may be that 50 years ago, when I first formulated
NTH, I too confused theory and paradigm, but I wouldn’t do so today. A lot has
happened in the meantime. The landscape of translation studies has changed and
NTH itself has undergone some development. Today I would say that <b>NTH is a
member theory of a broader paradigm</b>. That paradigm has a name: it’s
<i><b>non-professional interpreting and translation</b></i> or <b>NPIT</b>. <i>Non-professional</i> is a
misleading term because of its commercial
connotation (like <i>brokering</i> in <i>language brokering</i>) but such is its usage. Interest in NPIT has surged because of
activities such as crowd-sourcing, translating for NGOs and translating video
games. Today it has many publications and some international conferences. However,
NTH has the distinction that it alone posits translation as a universal inborn
and therefore inheritable ability; but NPIT has a descriptive, non-judgemental
attitude to translating that accommodates it. </span><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">However, it is not enough to say that NPIT is a
paradigm. </span><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In Kuhn, paradigm is closely
connected with another term to form <i>paradigm shift</i>. A</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> paradigm
shift is a change in the basic assumptions or paradigms within the ruling
theory of science. A scientific revolution occurs, according to Kuhn, when
scientists encounter anomalies that cannot be explained by the universally
accepted paradigm within which scientific progress has been made. Kuhn argues
that science does not progress via a linear accumulation of new </span><span style="font-size: 12px;">knowledge but</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> undergoes periodic revolution in which the nature of scientific inquiry within
a particular field is abruptly transformed. Kuhn defines a paradigm as an
accepted model or pattern. It is a research mode or pattern which is concluded
by a scientific group at a specific time, and in turn, guides their research.
According to Kuhn, “a paradigm shift is a change from one way of thinking to
another. It’s a revolution, a transformation. It just does not happen, but
rather it is driven by agents of change” (Kuhn, 1970, p. 10).</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">In the case of NTH, the agent of change has been the
realisation that a great deal of translating is done by bilinguals who have had
no instruction or training for it, many of them young children. In the previous, </span><span style="font-size: 12px;">long-established</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> paradigm, translating was always viewed as an activity
conducted by people who had acquired the skill by training or example; in other
words a highly cultured activity. However, we cannot claim that there has been
a drastic shift from professional translation to NPIT. The old paradigm is
still powerful, even dominant; and the most we can claim for NPIT is that it
co-exists. (The same is true for another competing modern paradigm, the
psycholinguistic one.) The dominance of the old paradigm shows in the flood of
academic papers that flows across the internet each day.</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">By way of illustrating the cohabitation, consider the
following.</span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3c3c3c; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3c3c3c; font-size: 9pt;"></span></p><blockquote><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3c3c3c; font-size: 9pt;">“Based
on an official resolution, Spain’s Foreign Ministry announced an open call</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3c3c3c; font-size: 9pt;"> (in Spanish) on October 14, 2022 to fill
49 translator and interpreter vacancies... </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3c3c3c; font-family: Colibri, serif; font-size: 9pt;">The requirements
for each individual post are outlined in the official bulletin. Beyond basic
language fluency requirements — which include a combination of three languages,
or one ulin our anguage and two variants of another language — an undergraduate
degree is required. It can be a bachelor of arts in any discipline or an
undergraduate degree in engineering or architecture. A degree in translation or
interpreting is not required, a fact that has caused some people to rant on
social media.”</span></blockquote><span style="background-color: #f2f8fe; font-size: 9pt;">Here's
a typical traditional paradigm reaction:</span><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.75pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background: rgb(242, 248, 254); color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></p><blockquote><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.75pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background: rgb(242, 248, 254); color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">‘I am totally outraged to see that, to enter the state’s
Translators Corps, any degree will do… So what are we doing training
translators and interpreters in our universities? It’s a</span><span style="background: white; color: #0f1419; font-family: "Ciaibri",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";">n INSULT.’ </span><span style="background: rgb(242, 248, 254); color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">— Celia Rico @celiaricoperez.</span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.75pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background: rgb(242, 248, 254); color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background-color: #f2f8fe; font-size: 9pt;">To which another reader retorts, in the spirit of the newer
paradigm:</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.75pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"></span></p><blockquote><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.75pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">“I don’t think it’s a bad
thing, provided applicants’ abilities are tested properly and we can be sure
they are really able to translate. There are top-notch translators who don’t
have a translation degree, and there are translation graduates who are hopeless.”</span><span style="background: rgb(242, 248, 254); color: black; font-size: 9pt;"> — Isabel Garcia
Cutillas, who is herself a professional translator</span><span style="background: rgb(242, 248, 254); color: black;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.75pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background: rgb(242, 248, 254); color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p></blockquote><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.75pt; text-align: left;"></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.75pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background: rgb(242, 248, 254); color: black; font-size: 9pt;">And so the clash continues.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.75pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background: rgb(242, 248, 254); color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.75pt; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Colibri",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Sources<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Colibri",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Anthony Pym. Summarizing the
paradigms of translation theory. YouTube, 2009.</span><span style="font-family: "Colibri",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span style="mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFJeWlkkF64"><span style="font-family: "Colibri",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFJeWlkkF64</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Colibri",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="color: #0000ee;">.</span><span style="color: #111111;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Colibri",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Thomas Kuhn. The Structure of
Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962..<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span class="author"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Rocio Txabarriaga. In an unusual process, Spain<b> </b>set</span></span><span style="color: #989898; font-family: Montserrat; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Colibri",serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">to hire dozens of translators and interpreters. </span><span style="mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Colibri, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><i>Slator, </i>26</span></span><a href="https://slator.com/in-an-unusual-process-spain-set-to-hire-dozens-translators-interpreters/" style="color: black;"><b><span style="color: #989898; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Oct 2022</span></b></a></span><span class="posted-on"><b><span style="color: #989898; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-84934464639182615892022-10-01T01:27:00.000-07:002022-10-01T01:27:06.084-07:00Language Brokering and the Pandemic in Canada<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #393939;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg6TCOyh0ojNs7Kku9x0aTqW_VTPoAJ_S7KrOXbhypUlAkgcbupn62wl0a2CDELKXabml7QceeX6rEVOsFQmgst83vI9mIIHUAAnXQhqgP20cq-iWLkmxcD7GFpRIpmgcRvnNj505eksfMntYefx8UD0a4UzGD6-w_WLkjoahrUOOBzgmbMCRYFxmnVHw" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="682" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg6TCOyh0ojNs7Kku9x0aTqW_VTPoAJ_S7KrOXbhypUlAkgcbupn62wl0a2CDELKXabml7QceeX6rEVOsFQmgst83vI9mIIHUAAnXQhqgP20cq-iWLkmxcD7GFpRIpmgcRvnNj505eksfMntYefx8UD0a4UzGD6-w_WLkjoahrUOOBzgmbMCRYFxmnVHw" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #393939;">Regular
readers of this blog are familiar with the concept and practice of <i>child language
brokering</i> (CLB). It's the translating and interpreting done by the children in
immigrant families for their elders and peers. While a good deal has been
written about it in some areas, including this blog, it’s always interesting to
hear about it in other places, other languages and other contexts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #393939;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #393939;"><i><b>The Tyee</b></i>
is an independent, online news magazine from the most westerly Canadian
province of British Columbia. Last year it published an article about CLB in
that province, in the form of interviews with adults who had grown up with CLB
in Vietnamese, Chinese and Punjabi. <b>The article is of particular interest for
the light it throws on the effect of the Covid pandemic. </b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #393939;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">In Metro Vancouver, the metropolis of British Columbia, people
who have no knowledge of the official Canadian languages, English and French,
total about 136,000. But in terms of what language people are most comfortable
speaking at home, 621,110 people</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> exclusively speak an unofficial language. In these circumstances
we can be sure there is a lot of CLB.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #393939;"><b>The
following is a condensation of the Tyee article</b>. For more, follow the reference
below.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #393939;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Mimi
Nguyen, Vietnamese</b></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">It was Mimi Nguyen’s older sister Kim who first modelled the
expectation that the children of newcomers should step in as the family’s
translators. Their parents settled in East Vancouver, by a stretch of Kingsway
that many other Vietnamese refugees have called home since the late-1970s.
Growing up, Kim helped these families too, translating teacher’s notices so
that parents could keep up with their kids’ school progress. Because Mimi was
educated in Canada, it was common for her generational peers to translate for
their families as soon as they learned English.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Kim once helped their mother with an English question at just
five years old, with the help of a cousin on the phone and a Vietnamese-English
dictionary in front of her. The well-thumbed volume is still in the family’s
possession.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">It wasn’t until Mimi entered her preteens that she took over
helping her parents, translating at in-person appointments and interpreting
documents like bank slips.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">“Sometimes it would take the whole community to translate bits
and pieces of a document, calling one person and another to verify words,” she
said. “Nobody in our network was fluent enough to translate everything
confidently, so oftentimes, people felt like they were shooting in the dark.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Language barriers are an age-old problem for immigrants and
refugees, affecting everything from housing to health care, education to
employment. But the pandemic has meant there’s more to translate than ever —
and there have been dire consequences for those who can’t read the vital
information. Even for people who do speak English in B.C., it’s hard to keep up
with official sources and sort out the bad ones</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">. But the “infodemic”
weighs more heavily on families like Nguyen’s, who don’t get translations of
government information as quickly or completely compared to official languages,
if at all.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Nguyen is now 25, and with her sister living out of town, she is
her parents’ primary translator.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">It’s a privilege to be able to access information about the
pandemic, and Nguyen worries about those who don’t have the language, time or
know-how. “Every single day, those inequalities are heightened even further,”
she said.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Mimi Nguyen and two of her friends started <b>B</b></span><b><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">ả</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">o V</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">ệ</span></b><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><b> Collective</b> for Vietnamese Canadians. The group initially
thought if it “translated enough information just to help people to apply for
CERB [Canada Emergency Response Benefit], that would be enough,” Nguyen said. But
there seemed to be no end to important new information related to the pandemic,
from news of various lockdowns to the vaccine rollout.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; padding: 0cm;">Kevin Huang, Chinese</span></strong><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">I’ve never been a full-time translator like Nguyen, but as an
on-call translator for family members, I’ve had some experience regarding what
happens when facing systems that don’t use your language.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Accompanying grandparents to medical appointments, we’ve always
had pleasant experiences with the doctors themselves. One ophthalmologist, not
a native Cantonese speaker, made an effort to learn phrases in the language
such as “Is it blurry?” and “Look this way” for patients like my grandfather.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">But the gatekeepers are another story. A receptionist at
Broadway’s Fairmont Medical Building belittled my grandmother by asking, “No
English? Really? No English?” Another time, accompanying a relative who could
speak English but needed a ride to a medical appointment, the receptionist,
upon seeing us approaching, angrily said, “I can’t help you! I don’t do
anything for Dr. Kwon!” We were not there to see Dr. Kwon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">When it was time for my grandparents to receive their COVID-19
vaccines, my mother and I tagged along without question. We went to the Sunset
Community Centre in South Vancouver, where the vast majority of the seniors
were Cantonese and Punjabi speakers. <b>Not a single one of them went without a
child or grandchild to help with translation.</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><b>Kulpreet Singh and Harjeena Heer, Punjabi</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><b>Singh</b>, the eldest of three siblings, began translating for his
grandparents at age 12. He provided help as his grandfather navigated a
lymphoma diagnosis and a knee replacement. Over the years, he’s noticed things
like health-care workers speaking louder and more curtly to his ganspaents or ignoring them entirely in favour of speaking with him or an English-speaking
family member.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">With as sensitive an issue as health care, messages don’t always
come across word-for-word from English to another language, said Singh. That’s
why interpretations that focus on meaning, use visuals and take cultural contexts
into account are important.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><b>Harjeena Heer</b> and volunteers at the Sikh Health Foundation have
applied this to their work translating for Punjabi audiences. Heer, 20, also
grew up in a household with her grandparents, and began translating for them at
age seven, taking on more responsibility as she got older. She recalls, for
example, helping renew passports and answering calls regarding finances.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">“My grandpa had a stroke, so I went with him for all the
appointments,” Heer said. “My mom would come too, but I’d do most of the
translation.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Because most of the appointments were in Surrey — where Punjabi
is the most common native language after English — her grandfather was
comfortable when the person behind the counter spoke Punjabi as well. He was
more nervous if there was an appointment in Vancouver. But most of all, it was
reassuring to hear medical information in his native language from a trusted
source like his granddaughter. “It definitely made him more comfortable to hear
things coming from me, especially if it was something scary, asking if it was
true.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">It’s not easy for institutions to build the same kind of trust
that exists on an individual level. With so many touch points, it’s easier for
governments or civic entities to sour a relationship with an individual. “It
can take just one time to lose that trust,” said Huang of Hua Foundation. He
understands that it can take governments time to get translation services set
up, and mistakes happen. But whether it’s pandemic information or neighbourhood
planning, approaching large groups of the population who don’t speak the
official language in their native tongue is crucial to democracy, especially in
a diverse place like Vancouver. “You’re enabling community members to become
citizens, to participate in the civic agenda,” Huang said.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Mimi Nguyen’s father often pops into her room to ask what words
mean. One phrase he was confused about last year was “social distancing.” Nguyen
tried to think of a way to explain it in a way he’d understand. It turned out
the key to interpreting it for him was to compare it to “long distance.” “I saw
the light go on in his eyes,” she said. “It was because he and my mom had done
long distance for a while. He was in Vancouver a full year before she joined
him.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">There’s a racist double standard at work, says Hua Foundation’s
Huang: “Why don’t people recognize that not everyone has the opportunity and
privilege to learn English? Why is that when a primary English speaker speaks
an ‘ethnic language’ it’s celebrated, but for people for whom English is their
second or third language, they don’t get the same credit?”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">These days, Mimi Nguyen’s father can speak conversationally, but
he’s shy about getting something wrong. Paperwork an d appointments have always
been “suffocating” for someone in his position, he said. Over the years, he’s
feared needing an official translator because of the cost, and he’s also feared
having to miss work and lose out on income — a common scenario</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> among immigrant
workers during the pandemic. “Có t</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">ụ</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">i con th</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">ì</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">ă</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">n u</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">ổ</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">i m</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">ộ</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">t chút đ</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">ỉ</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">nh (</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Having you children gives me comfort)</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">,</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">”</span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> he told his daughter.</span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">While relying on English-speaking family members is one
solution, Nguyen said adults like her parents sometimes feel bad for burdening
young people like her, and young people also worry about letting their elders
down. </span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">“When I’m doing it, I get livid,” said Nguyen. “If [something’s]
not accessible, I worry about people who don’t have kids at home, or if their
kids are abroad. I think about what if I wasn’t born. I know kids who have
planned their futures to be close to their parents because they know that this
is inevitable.” It’s a big responsibility to take on, especially when her
generation might already be struggling with growing up as part of a diaspora,
“trying to figure out how to fit in, how to get people to accept you.”</span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">The pandemic has been a dramatic reminder that children like her
can’t do it all.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #393939; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><b>Source</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Christopher Cheung. The
translator kids. <i>The Tyee</i>, </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> <span class="author-infodate"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">30 April 2021. </span></span></span><a href="https://thetyee.ca/News/2021/04/30/Translator-Kids"><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: #0c343d;">https://thetyee.ca/News/2021/04/30/Translator-Kids</span></span></a><span class="author-infodate"><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; padding: 0cm;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span class="author-infodate"><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; padding: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span class="author-infodate"><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; padding: 0cm;"><b>Image</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span class="author-infodate"><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; padding: 0cm;">Mimi Nguyen.
Photo by Christopher Cheung.</span></span><span style="color: #393939; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-68317501983072390402022-09-15T02:03:00.014-07:002022-09-16T07:41:10.259-07:00Intersemiotic Paraphrase<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjvLc71VHSTiqqLXJFS59-Up3NrcvrAQzLN1a18n6uXMMFjiEOZv1MW2mvDATKwW-cnT3vwzqQ3aEzkv8v2HckQCLT7snmURmIBUICOCfpCorNULvAo_FhpUAQ7wK25hOYG5qwzU6nRBRowsooMISj5U9WrubTBTyrLXpl-DC8QeUdULEoZDSzpK6Fe3Q" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="189" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjvLc71VHSTiqqLXJFS59-Up3NrcvrAQzLN1a18n6uXMMFjiEOZv1MW2mvDATKwW-cnT3vwzqQ3aEzkv8v2HckQCLT7snmURmIBUICOCfpCorNULvAo_FhpUAQ7wK25hOYG5qwzU6nRBRowsooMISj5U9WrubTBTyrLXpl-DC8QeUdULEoZDSzpK6Fe3Q" width="170" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Roman Jakobson</span></span></div><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><br /></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #2d2d2d; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #2d2d2d; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><i>Warning:
This is a theory post.</i><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #2d2d2d; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #2d2d2d; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Note
first that a paraphrase is not the same as a copy. The latter ideally shows no
differences from its original. It’s like a photocopy. Whereas there must be
differences for something to be considered a paraphrase.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #2d2d2d; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #2d2d2d; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It’s
long been accepted that paraphrase is a kind of translation. The
linguist </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #2d2d2d; font-size: 12pt;">Roman Jakobson</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #2d2d2d; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, in his seminal article referenced below, included it
under the name of</span><i> intralingual translation</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> (translation within the same
language) as opposed to </span><i>interlingual translation</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ( translation between
languages). Yet until recently it has not been extensively studied by
translatologists and the articles on paraphrase in <i>Wikipedia</i> and the
<i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i> are surprisingly thin. A better source is the</span> Bhagat &
Hovey<span style="font-weight: normal;"> article referenced below.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #2d2d2d; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #2d2d2d; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">One
researcher who has done some thorough investigation of paraphrase in recent
years is </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #2d2d2d; font-size: 12pt;">Boguslava Whyatt</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #2d2d2d; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, head of the Department of Psychologistic Studies at the
Adam Mickiewicz</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #2d2d2d; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> University in Poland. Her work has already been highly commended
on this blog in a different context; to retrieve the post, enter <i>whyatt</i> in the
Search box on the right of this page. For instance in the article referenced
below she writes,<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"><blockquote>Our study fills the niche in empirical research and shows
that both tasks [paraphrasing and translating] are carried out in the same
stages but the effort needed to translate is much larger because when
translating we have to switch between two different languages.</blockquote><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">She employs the full panoply of modern research, as the
following from another article illustrates:<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"></span></h1><blockquote><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">We argue that cognitive processing in intralingual transfer
and interlingual translation displays a substantial overlap in the way
decisions are made. Since this theoretical claim has rarely been empirically
validated, a comparative analysis of both processes is very much needed to
pinpoint the similarities and differences between the cognitive effort needed
to translate a text and to provide its intralingual paraphrase, for example in
the form of a more reader friendly version. This aim motivated us to design the
ParaTrans project in which we apply technologically advanced translation process
tools, such as key-logging, eye-tracking and screen recording to collect user
activity data. We discuss the methodological considerations needed to ensure
the validity of the research design and reliability of its findings and report
results of a preliminary study.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></h1></blockquote><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nevertheless there is something missing in the current
studies, and to see what it is we can do no better than to go back to Jakobson.
Because he spoke not only about interlingual and intralingual translation but
also about </span><i>intersemiotic translation</i><span style="font-weight: normal;">. If there is intersemiotic translation we
would expect to find a parallel in intersemiotic paraphrase, and indeed there
is one. Intersemiotic translation</span></span></h1><blockquote><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">deals with two or more completely different codes, e.g.,<strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> linguistic one vs. music and/or dancing, and/or image ones</span></strong></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111; font-size: 12pt;">.</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> Thus, when Tchaikovsky composed the Romeo and Juliet, he
actually performed an intersemiotic translation: he 'translated' Shakespeare's
play from the linguistic code into a musical one. The expression code was
changed entirely from words to musical sounds<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><br /></h1></blockquote><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">But
an intersemiotic translation is never a copy. There are always changes. </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt;">It’s
always a paraphrase</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. In the case of the Tchaikovsky opus there are even three
versions of it, all of them only a fraction of the length of Shakespeare’s play.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yet even this is not the end of the matter. Because Jakobson was a linguist, he only
considered intersemiotic paraphrase from a language original. To complete the
picture, we also need to include the many cases where neither the original not
its reproduction is linguistic. To do this, we need to move up from the level
of language translation to that of </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt;">conversion</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. For this specialised use of the
word <i>conversion</i>, enter it in the Search box. It’s broad enough to cover
intersemiotic paraphrase between any form of expression. To go back to the
Tchaikovsky example, “</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">as it was meant
for ballet, there was a ballet dancer who 'translated' further, from the two
previous codes into a 'dancing' one, which expresses itself through body
movement.” For “translated” substitute “paraphrased”.</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Sources</b></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Boguslawa Whyatt et al. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Paraphrasing and translating are similar operations for our mind
but they require different effort. <i>Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics</i>, De
Gruyter, January 2016, </span><span style="color: #616161; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Roman Jakobson (1892-1982). On linguistic
aspects of translation'. In R. A.Brower (ed.), <i>On Translation</i>, pp. 232-239,
1959.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #232323; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="background: white; color: #232323; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">R.
Bhagat and E. Hovy. What Is a Paraphrase? <i>Computational Linguistics</i>, 39,
463-472, 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #232323; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Kubilay Aktulum. What
Is Intersemiotics? A short definition and some examples. <i>International Journal
of Social Science and Humanity</i>, Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2017.</span> </p>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-51505543993204848522022-08-22T07:19:00.038-07:002022-08-25T08:41:47.363-07:00Volunteer Women Interpreters in the Spanish Civil War (2)<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiGV-CriPseTX6bNZO2AhyywA1jxupwq-BeMdyeD0MoZYUMRcv7XmLLeOo-fSD5aqUjAAWGpCiAMv9KxZmv8H8mfugAneMFhxMQDaj35qRCghMkVpnCD5Vpj_pCsPoPHanfWYRM4i6r7A1JcQheXOHIiLDmNRh_tewb-Pa6yUqy846UbIOcWk2TaR_HYw" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="220" data-original-width="229" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiGV-CriPseTX6bNZO2AhyywA1jxupwq-BeMdyeD0MoZYUMRcv7XmLLeOo-fSD5aqUjAAWGpCiAMv9KxZmv8H8mfugAneMFhxMQDaj35qRCghMkVpnCD5Vpj_pCsPoPHanfWYRM4i6r7A1JcQheXOHIiLDmNRh_tewb-Pa6yUqy846UbIOcWk2TaR_HYw" width="250" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;">In the
previous post we drew on excellent research by Prof. <b>Marcos Rodriguez-Espinosa</b> of the
University of Malaga which restores from oblivion the role of some of the women
volunteer interpreters in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). He picks out three
of them and gives interesting information about their educational backgrounds. We
summarised the career of one of them, <b>Aileen Palmer</b>. Her story illustrates the inspiring
influence of the Communist Party in the 1930s not only in Spain but also in
faraway Australia. (In my student days it was strong in England too.) In
conclusion, we turn to the other two.<o:p></o:p></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><br /></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><b>Nan Green</b> (1904-1984)</p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;">Nan Green was
born in an Anglican family whose middle class standards of living declined when
her father lost his job and fell ill in the early stages of the First World
War. This process of proletarianisation would be the basis of her future
left-wing sympathies, which made her join the BCP, together with her husband
George…<o:p></o:p></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><br /></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;">In February
1937, George took the decision to travel to Spain as a driver of the ambulances
in the convoy of the Spanish Medical Aid, with nurses, doctors and stretcher
bearers. Nan, who also agreed that it was the best contribution they could make
to help in the international war against fascism, followed his steps in July as
a member of the administrative personnel attached to the medical units.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;">Green’s first
responsibility was to be Assistant Secretary to <b>Peter Harrison</b>, a polyglot who
spoke five languages, in an English hospital for wounded soldiers in the
province of Cuenca, where the administrator, the surgeon, the theatre and war
nurses and ambulance drivers were initially mostly from Spain, England and New
Zealand… Much work was done in collaboration with the local women whose
experience with nurses was limited to those nuns who mainly ran Spanish hospitals
in those days… Green’s close contact with native civilians and soldiers was
probably the main reason why she decided to receive Spanish lessons during the
scarce free time her other responsibilities left her… “my first lessons in what
later became almost a second language to me and contributed to my subsequent
history…” Her growing command of Spanish was probably the reason why she was
given the responsibility of escorting an Australian lady, sent by a railway
organization which had raised a large sum of money for her trip. During the
summer of 1938, Green was engaged as secretary to <b>Leonard Crom</b>, Chief Medical
Officer of the 35th Division Medical Corps, where her main duties were to
translate the doctor’s dispatches into formal Spanish, to keep the divisional
medical records and to turn them into usable statistical information.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;">Crom was soon
replaced by a Spanish-Gibraltarian, <b>Enrique Bassadone</b>, a professional and
efficient doctor who did not approve of women and always addressed Green in
Spanish “in the third person” [the formal person of verbs], to which she
replied in the second [familiar] person, more usual in Republican Spain. This
gives some idea of her character.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #111111; font-family: Roboto;">A</span></span>fter the Battle of the Ebro (July-November 1938) the longest and largest battle of the war, all
members of the International Brigades were ordered to withdraw from their
military and sanitary duties, Nan among them. Unfortunately her husband,
infantry sergeant George Green, died during the withdrawal. After the war, she
kept contact for many years with Aileen.<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><b>Kajsa Rothman </b></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;">Kajsa Helin
Rothman (1903-1969) was born in Karlstad, Sweden. After completing school, she
moved to Paris, where she made her living as a nanny and a journalist. At
twenty-two, she toured Europe and North Africa with a competitive dance group.
Later on, she travelled to Romania, were, once again, she found a job as a
nursemaid. In 1934, she started a travel agency in Barcelona. After the Fascist
insurrection in 1936, despite her lack of medical background, she volunteered
for the Red Cross and for a Swedish charity. Later in October she joined a
Scottish Ambulance Unit in Madrid, contributed to Radio Madrid’s broadcasting
services in Swedish and sent articles on the Spanish Civil War to a liberal
Swedish newspaper... In December 1936, she approached Canadian Dr. <b>Norman
Bethune</b> with the purpose of interviewing him for a book she was writing about
him. A few days later, he hired her as secretary and interpreter at the
Canadian Blood Transfusion Unit, which, with the funds provided by the Canadian
Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy (CASD), he set up in a spacious apartment in
one of the most affluent districts in Madrid. It was in these premises where
Bethune’s team of doctors, nurses and technicians would work hard in the
laboratories, fresh blood storage rooms and transfusion wards with the aim of
providing blood along the front. Bethune soon figured out the relevance of
propaganda in his plans to establish a blood transfusion unit in Spain. While
<b>Sorensen</b>, his Canadian interpreter, did not share Bethune’s enthusiasm for such
activities, Rothman happily engaged in short-wave radio programmes in several
languages, and her close ties with influential foreign correspondents reporting
from Madrid proved to be of great value as the unit’s innovative nature and the
Spanish conflict began to be known in other countries... Rothman’s connections
in diverse departments of the Loyalist government and her capacity to
communicate in many different languages made her an essential asset in
Bethune’s pressing need to find suitable blood donors. Her detailed knowledge
of Spanish maps and her familiarity with the exact situation of strategic
country roads, bridges and crossings also turned out to be crucial to gather
information about the medical demands of the numerous mobile hospitals and the
frequent trips transfusion units had to make on powerful vehicles to distant
battlefields.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;">Rothman,,
maintained a difficult relationship with her colleague Sorensen, as he resented
her invading his translation duties, and also with the Spanish doctors at the
transfusion unit, who thought her love affair with Bethune interfered with
their work. Her outspoken confidence, her dubious political affiliations and
her overt sexual behaviour would make her the perfect scapegoat of the Trotskyist
spy hunt set up by communist run Servicio de Investigación Militar, the
Republic’s intelligence secret police.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;">Later, Rothman
joined the International Commission which helped Republican refugees to find a
new life in Mexico, where her language skills and large scale organizational
skills had made her an essential component. Rothman stayed in Mexico working as
an interpreter guide and a teacher in the city of Tequisquiapan, until her
death in Cuernavaca in 1969<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;">The three women
were drawn to the conflict and to one another by an <b>affinity</b>. Not the kind of
affinity we see in literary translation (for that, enter <i>affinity</i> in the Search box on the right) but an affinity of ideology and of adventurism. In conflicts that are ideological as well as military it is unrealistic to expect interpreters to be neutral. These women were not.</p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;">None of the them had trained as an interpreter, yet they were all able to function
usefully. That was because all bilinguals can translate within the limits of their
other cognitive abilities, experience and education. However, the translation
ability has to be triggered. For this we may adapt an old saying and say,
“<b>Necessity is the mother o</b><b>f interpreting</b>.”</p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><b>Sources</b></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;">Marcos Rodríguez-Espinosa,
M. (2018). The Forgotten Contribution of Women Translators in International
Sanitary Units and Relief Organizations During and in the Aftermath of the
Spanish Civil War. <i>Current Trends in Translation Teaching and Learning E</i>, 5,
348 – 394, 2018. Available at <a href="file:///C:/Users/trans/Downloads/cttl_e_2018_12.pdf">cttl_e_2018_12.pdf</a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. </span></span>Apologies for the wrong link
address in the previous post</p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;">The above is
only a selection from the wealth of information to be found in the article. <o:p></o:p></p>
<h1 style="margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 264.7pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></h1>
<h1 style="margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 264.7pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Battle of the Ebro.<i> Wikipedia</i>, 2022.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><div><span style="font-family: Roboto; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 264.7pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Roboto; font-weight: normal;">Norman Bethune.
<i>Wikipedia</i>, 2022.</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="IT" style="color: #505050; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></h1><h1 style="margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 264.7pt;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="color: #505050; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></h1><h1 style="margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 264.7pt;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="IT" style="color: #505050; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">There are photographs of the three women on <i>Google Images</i>.</span></span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="color: #505050; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></h1><h1 style="margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 264.7pt;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="color: #505050; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Coincidence<span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 264.7pt;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="color: #505050; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">By
happy coincidence an article in today’s <i>The Guardian</i> (25 August) relates
something closely connected with the topic of the above. It’s</span><span style="font-size: small;"> “</span></span><span style="color: #121212; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: medium;">Spanish civil war book
reveals hidden history of female journalists” by Stephen Burgen.</span><span style="font-size: small;"> However, the book reviewed will not be publshed until the autumn. </span></span><o:p style="font-size: 9pt; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal;"></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span class="post-title"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="color: #2d2d2d; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span></h1><p> </p>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-60582086433287534362022-07-31T03:17:00.012-07:002022-08-24T03:01:40.764-07:00Volunteer Women Interpreters in the Spanish Civil War (1)<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiGV-CriPseTX6bNZO2AhyywA1jxupwq-BeMdyeD0MoZYUMRcv7XmLLeOo-fSD5aqUjAAWGpCiAMv9KxZmv8H8mfugAneMFhxMQDaj35qRCghMkVpnCD5Vpj_pCsPoPHanfWYRM4i6r7A1JcQheXOHIiLDmNRh_tewb-Pa6yUqy846UbIOcWk2TaR_HYw" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="220" data-original-width="229" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiGV-CriPseTX6bNZO2AhyywA1jxupwq-BeMdyeD0MoZYUMRcv7XmLLeOo-fSD5aqUjAAWGpCiAMv9KxZmv8H8mfugAneMFhxMQDaj35qRCghMkVpnCD5Vpj_pCsPoPHanfWYRM4i6r7A1JcQheXOHIiLDmNRh_tewb-Pa6yUqy846UbIOcWk2TaR_HYw" width="250" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">The penultimate post on
this blog was about interpreters in a recent conflict zone. This one is about
an older conflict, namely the Spanish Civil War, which lasted from 1936 to
1939.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Spanish readers need no introduction
to that war. Though it ended 80 years ago, the memory of it is still hot in the
Spanish psyche and no day passes without reference to it in the Spanish press,
media and parliament. Others,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>however,
may need to be reminded that it was fought between the elected government,
which was very left wing and anticlerical, and a fascist military rebellion led
by General Francisco Franco. Both sides sought support from forces outside the country.
Franco was reinforced by the fascist regimes in Hitler’s Germany and
Mussolini’s Italy. The government side was aided by the Soviet Union and also
by the motley <b>International Brigades</b> of foreigners impelled by their left-wing
sympathies. The most famous of the latter was George Orwell; but we Canadians
are also proud of Montreal surgeon Norman Bethune, who pioneered blood
refrigeration and transfusion.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">The foreign fighters on
the government side had another thing in common besides their left-wing
sympathies. It was that <b>most of them knew no Spanish</b>, and this generated an
enormous demand for translators and interpreters. Here is a story that
illustrates how desperate the situation was:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p><blockquote>“During the defence of
Suicide Hill, in the Battle of Jarama [February 1937], Captain Robert Hale Merriman, commander
of the Lincoln Brigades, recalls his anguish when he asked for a stretcher for
a wounded comrade at an infirmary where no one seemed to understand him:
“Nobody paid attention to me. I then realized that they were French and Hollanders.
I tried the sign language and my twelve words in Spanish. They thought I had
gone crazy. Finally, a Hollander who could talk English came up to the station.”</blockquote><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Into this inferno of war
and incomprehension stepped three remarkably courageous <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>women: <b>Aileen Palmer</b>, <b>Nan Green</b> and <b>Rajsa
Rothman</b>. They came because of their left-wing sympathies, but on arrival it was
soon found that the most useful contribution they could make was by their
languages.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b>None of them had any
previous training as interpreter</b>, which explains why this post is
dedicated to them. </p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;">We only have
space here to recount the career of one of the women, <b>Aideen Palmer </b>(1915-1988). For the
others, we urge you to read the full article referenced below. There will be more about them in a future post. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><br /></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;">Aideen was born in an Australian cosmopolitan middle class family and was
raised by her parents… in a progressive intellectual environment. During her
education at the University of Melbourne, Palmer accomplished a competent
command of French, German, Spanish and Russian, which was probably the main
reason why she was hired as the personal translator of Austrian novelist and
socialist activist Helene Scheu-Riesz. In the summer of 1936, [she] was
travelling through Europe with her parents when they decided to spend some time
in Spain. While her mother and father were busy with their literary
engagements, their offspring spent her days trying to disentangle the Spanish
political labyrinth through a close reading of Catalan newspapers — which she
sometimes translated into English— and meeting young politically active
companions, such as Lisa Gedeke, a Finish polyglot. Her knowledge of languages
and her left wing political activism, which had drawn her into joining the
Communist Party of Australia (CPA) in the early 1930s, probably made her an
ideal candidate for the job of interpreter at the Popular Olympic Games of
Barcelona, when her application was received at the Unified Socialist Party of
Catalonia (PSUC), the Catalan communist party. Palmer was to have worked at the
Popular Games July as an antifascist response to the Nazi Olympics held in
Berlin in August of that same year, but the games were never to be celebrated
because of the rebellion of General Franco and his comrades-in arms on 18th
July. Palmer’s duties were, therefore, dramatically changed to act as an
interpreter for the athletes of more than twenty international delegations
stranded in the city and to send telegrams to their countries to say that they
were out of danger… Following the recommendation of the British consul in
Barcelona, who warned her father about the presence of uncontrolled anarchist
militia in Barcelona, Aileen… reluctantly left Spain on board HMS London, a
Royal Navy warship. However, a month later she was back in the country in her
capacity of interpreter of the first British Medical Unit sent to Spain. Palmer
arrived in <b>Grañén</b>, a tiny village in the province of Huesca [in the North East],
chosen by <b>Peter Spencer, Viscount Churchill</b>, a prominent member of the Spanish
Medical Aid Committee, and <b>Kenneth Sinclair-Loutit</b>, a medical student from
Cambridge and administrator of the hospital, because of its strategic position
a few kilometres behind the battle front. Palmer was the secretary and
interpreter of Sinclair-Loutit, who would
have to deal with an anarchist major who regarded the foreign medical
facilities in Grañen as an interference of the Republican government, with the
resentment of his working-class drivers and mechanics, and with the
confrontation between communists and non-communists.</p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;">Palmer’s three
months on the Aragon front were full of hard work as interpreter in several
languages. She often travelled on ambulances to other villages in search of
wounded soldiers as, apart from English and Spanish, there were also French,
Italian and German volunteers fighting. On other occasions, her assignments
included translating between doctors and patients in hospitals, or “the grim
task of packing up and sending home the efectos de los muertos, the pathetic
bundles of belongings of those who had died.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;">In January
1937, Palmer’s <b>British Medical Aid Unit </b>was integrated into the Service
Sanitaire of the XIV International Brigade, the French-Belgian batallions.
Together with her companions from Grañén, she travelled to different villages
near Madrid in the <b>Sierra de Guadarrama</b>, where a new hospital was set up on
10th January. On the following day, the attack started and a growing number of
casualties soon began to arrive. Palmer was called to interpret for two Polish
doctors of the unit who spoke French and a little English and were concerned
about starting a new hospital somewhere in Madrid: “By the end of January,
Palmer was clearly exhausted, having been working on the front lines for five
months straight. She was also suffering from having to adapt to a new regime
and new people, especially as she was called upon frequently to interpret
between French and English-speaking members of the service itself as well as
helping to perform triage on the wounded soldiers who came from a variety of
countries” <o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;">Palmer’s unit
was then moved to El Escorial to provide support to the casualties in the
<b>Battle of Brunete</b> [24 km West of Madrid] Later on, she moved back to <b>Huete</b>, on
the Aragon front, where she became secretary and interpreter of <b>Dr. Leonard
Crome</b>, Chief Medical Officer of the 35th Division. In July 1938, when she was
already in London and the Republicans tried to cross the river Ebro launching a
major attack on the Francoist army advancing over Valencia, Palmer was replaced
by Crome’s new assistant, <b>Nan Green</b>, with whom she would keep in touch in
England for many years after the war.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;">The
humanitarian work of these women didn’t end with the war. in the aftermath they
continued to participate in relief organizations which would help thousands of
Spanish civil war refugees, and in humanitarian missions reclaiming fair trials
for political prisoners in Franco’s dictatorship, as well as to their ultimate
work translating for the state publishing houses of the emerging communist
parties in China or Vietnam.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><i>To be continued<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b>Source</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Marcos Rodríguez-Espinosa (University of Malaga).
The forgotten contribution of women translators in international sanitary units
and relief organizations during and in the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War.
<i>Current Trends in Translation Teaching and Learning E</i>, 5 (2018), 348 – 394. Available
at www.ctttl.org/cttl_e_12.pdf<o:p></o:p></p>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-68428065100006986282022-07-17T02:21:00.000-07:002022-07-17T02:21:29.113-07:00Translating in Old Age<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgi388Z4HOb45fgEM3w2p4EMDj-kzJdEiH5KT9IFqH7J20oLPyICJBqw7Hk4H5AKHvB5nqHigan0D-8nvHEX3PDRW0X4kzzNLRbX54duED-RpsVWgHUnUd5oZP8gZv8ySAOls5EcpJMFg-1kN6gfgU1Ia5VVQB4F-zFnUfIEFkSKZ-A3ACVjX3nJDOatQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="190" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgi388Z4HOb45fgEM3w2p4EMDj-kzJdEiH5KT9IFqH7J20oLPyICJBqw7Hk4H5AKHvB5nqHigan0D-8nvHEX3PDRW0X4kzzNLRbX54duED-RpsVWgHUnUd5oZP8gZv8ySAOls5EcpJMFg-1kN6gfgU1Ia5VVQB4F-zFnUfIEFkSKZ-A3ACVjX3nJDOatQ" width="172" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; padding: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><blockquote>“There are many mentions in this blog of
how <strong><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">young</span></strong> humans
can be when they start to translate, but how <strong><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">old</span></strong> can
they get before they lose the power?”</blockquote><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The question was posed in a post on this blog
in 2011. It bore the title<i> Old translators never die.. they simply fade away.</i> (To retrieve it, enter <i>toronto eighties</i> in the Search box on the right.) During
the intervening decade, little has been done to answer it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">So in the absence of scientific studies, w</span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; padding: 0cm;">e
are forced into the realm of the anecdotal <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and what follows is some of it. Nevertheless
it provides us with clues for the formation of some hypotheses.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; padding: 0cm;">Back
in 2020 there was a post on this blog about a lady, a Spanish natural
translation interpreter, who helped out impromptu at a bilingual dinner party.
To retrieve it, enter <i>no age limit</i> in the Search box on right the right.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; padding: 0cm;"></span></p><blockquote><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; padding: 0cm;">“</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">She inte</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 9pt;">rpreted… everything that was said in
English, sometimes in full and sometimes in summary.</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 9pt;">She also
translated into English things that she had first said herself… in Spanish. I
noticed that sometimes she produced translations of items on the menu faster
than I could think of them myself. She had no training in translation, not even
an English language course.”</span></blockquote><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 9pt;"></span><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">She was in her <b>late seventies</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A little later, in 2011, there was the post <i>Old
Translators Never Die</i>. It was about a professional translator in Toronto who was
in his <b>eighties</b> and still working. I expressed surprise that he'd gone on for
so long. He replied, "One of the good things about translation is that you
can go on doing it to an advanced age." </span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; padding: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; padding: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; padding: 0cm;">I
myself continued translating routine stuff into my <b>early eighties</b>. When I gave
up it wasn’t because I co</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0cm;">uldn’t translate but because I found it too
tiring. Fatigue is an important factor in old-age behaviour.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0cm;">Now comes news from India, that country of
literary translation par excellence, which raises the bar. It’s about </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Aditya Narayan Dhairyasheel or <b>A.N.D. Haksar</b>.
Since he retired 30 years ago, Haksar, who is based in Delhi and <b>is now nearing
90,</b> has spent hours translating Sanskrit works into English, to make them
accessible to more readers.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><blockquote>“His
most recent translation, <i>Anthology of Humorous Sanskrit Verses</i> (see below)
features 200 hasya or humorous verses drawn from various works of Sanskrit
literature ranging from the millennia-old Bhagavad Gita and Mahabharata to
compilations from the 13th and 14th centuries.”</blockquote><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">No mean
feat.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Haksar was
formerly a career diplomat and ambassador to Portugal and Yugoslavia. He
therefore belongs to a particular class of literary translators, people who
have retired after distinguished careers and then taken up translation as
native translators. Another is my good friend the Tamil translator <b>Prabha
Sridevan</b>, who was a high court judge in another life. She has contributed to
this blog (and for more about her, enter <i>prabha</i> in the Search box.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">At this
point we can venture a hypothesis. It’s that mutatis mutandis <b>there’s no age limit
to the ability to translate</b>. <b>It may continue unto death</b>. ‘All other things
being equal’ because translating depends on other cognitive abilities in
addition to the core translating ability itself. Simultaneous interpreting
requires a very fast rate of processing that slows down with age. Consecutive interpreting
requires a good short-term memory. All translating requires a good memory for
words and names. And so on.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">But survival
doesn’t mean unimpaired.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We have
long known, since the research on aphasics by <b>Michel Paradis</b> at McGill
University in the 1970s, that a linguistic upset can lead to surprisingly
aberrant behaviour in translating. But how about degenerations that are more
typical of old age such as dementia and Alzheimers? There’s plenty of scope
here for a thesis. Or for several theses.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sources<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A.N.D.
Haksar. <i>Anthology of Humorous Sanskrit Verses</i>. Delhi: Penguin Random House
India; May 2022.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://globalcirculate.com/author/pankaj-tripathi/" title="Browse Author Articles"><span class="post-author-name"><span style="background: white; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 8.5pt; font-weight: normal;">Pankaj Tripathi</span></span></a></span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. </span><span class="post-title"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #2d2d2d; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Our ancient humour deserves an audience:
Translator A.N.D. Haksar. <i>Global Circulate</i>, 20 June 2022.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><div><span class="post-title"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #2d2d2d; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Michel Paradis et al. Alternate antagonism with paradoxical translation behavior in two aphasic patients. <i>Brain and Language</i>, vol. 15, no 1, pp. 55-69.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 9pt;"><b>Image</b></span></div><div><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 9pt;">A. N. D. Haksar</span></div>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-89518091197182762912022-07-06T07:00:00.000-07:002022-07-06T07:00:07.385-07:00Interpreters in Conflict Zones<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhWgh20J1GmU-g3L8pVnnNZQi2X_s9gyfwAcxlX3JQIJU_eAT0eB-cPJBz1h68qq399AxqeF87T_JCwzDpzQkFJ2uVUTFnu-f4HHAFZvS_K0dvdU7fYzG4UZR8HqJqyPTCl4APKioPpq6zZZ8qj7zdWqOX11cB6hVBbJ3P0UDyROhyEzKVshfxJJN1Z6A" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="150" data-original-width="200" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhWgh20J1GmU-g3L8pVnnNZQi2X_s9gyfwAcxlX3JQIJU_eAT0eB-cPJBz1h68qq399AxqeF87T_JCwzDpzQkFJ2uVUTFnu-f4HHAFZvS_K0dvdU7fYzG4UZR8HqJqyPTCl4APKioPpq6zZZ8qj7zdWqOX11cB6hVBbJ3P0UDyROhyEzKVshfxJJN1Z6A" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p><br /></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><blockquote><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;">“We live on a planet dominated
by unbroken conflict in which the figure of the interpreter in
conflict zones (ICZ) has been present since ancient times. Tragic situations
such as war and conflict are the breeding grounds in which ICZ have acquired
and developed their language skills. <b>These interpreters rarely have any
previous training in interpreting techniques and consequently tend to learn the
job on the ground</b>.”<b><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></h1></blockquote><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"></h1>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: medium;">These words (the
emphasis is mine) come from a paper by Maria Gomez-Amich, a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>graduate of the University of Granada, who has
made the study of military interpreters her speciality. <i>Interpreters
in conflict zones</i> (ICZ) is a fairly new term for them. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #333333;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The paper is a very
thorough and original study of a small sample of Afghan interpreters working
with the Spanish military in Afghanistan. Here’s her summary of it.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #333333;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><blockquote><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;">The lack of training and agreed rules
that regulate ICZ’s work give the wrong impression that this field
of interpretation is relatively new. However, there are records of this
activity dating back several centuries. As a matter of fact, conflict has
always been a breeding ground for language interpreters, and their recruitment
is often the result of some tragic situation. Nowadays, interpreters working in
contexts as complex as the NATO ISAF mission in Afghanistan usually lack
appropriate language and interpreter training. This was the case with the five
Afghan interpreters participating in this study<span style="font-size: large;">.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;">The hiring of untrained ICZ seems to
be the combined result of the law of supply and demand and of particular
concerns of the military. During the recruitment process, little importance is
attached to the interpreters’ professional skills. This is particularly
alarming given that appropriate skills can make the difference between life and
death in this setting.</p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;">The interpreters participating in this
research project displayed a perception of the interpreter’s role that diverges
from the idealised notions of professional conduct described in the literature.
Accordingly, they have a singular notion of interpreting quality, and they
consider the culture, the parties’ needs and their employers’ expectations to
be the key factors of quality assessment. The Conduit Model [in which the interpreter is
only a neutral and impartial communication channel], therefore, is rebutted one
more time, as ICZ seem to act as active and visible participants who take very
much in consideration a series of social factors that affect their performance
as well as their role perception.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;">In general, it is fair to surmise
that, when it comes to quality, its perception and hence its assessment will
vary according to settings. Research would benefit from a re-evaluation of
received theoretical frameworks to encompass all settings in which interpreting
takes place. In this process, (untrained) ICZ could make a major contribution.
Although they are not generally considered professional
interpreters, they are actually the most experienced practitioners in their
action field.</p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p></blockquote><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In spite of the study’s great
interest, it is nevertheless surprising in this day and age that the researcher
still feels a need to combat the evaluation of her subjects by the standards of
‘professional’ interpreting and has to plead for “a re-evaluation of received
theoretical frameworks.” These frameworks were exploded more than a decade ago
by the advent of non-professional interpreting and translation studies(NPIT)
and even before that by the natural translation hypothesis (NTH).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #333333;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sources</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;">María
Gómez-Amich. Interpreters in conflict zones: Their perception of role,
quality and strategies. In: Rafael Barranco-Droege (ed.), <i>Solving the riddle
of interpreting quality: Dimensions and challenges</i>. Granada: Comares. 2020,
113–138.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="refsource"><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;">Rachele
Antonini et al. (eds.) <i>Non-professional Interpreting and Translation. State
of the Art and Future of an Emerging Field of Research</i></span><i><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">.</span></i></span><span class="publisher-loc"><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;"> Amsterdam</span></span><span style="background: white; color: black;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">: </span><span class="publisher-name"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; outline: 0px; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Benjamins</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">, 2017.</span></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span class="refsource"><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For
other examples of ICZ interpreters, enter <i>afghan</i> and <i>korea</i> in the Search box on
the right.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For more on the natural translation hypothesis, enter <i>tenets hypothesis</i> in the Search box.</span></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Image</b></span></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Afghan interpreter, from a post on this blog last year.</span></span></p>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-65547903613588678782022-06-25T02:02:00.001-07:002022-06-29T04:50:35.452-07:00Can There Be A Universal History of Translation?<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEib2BtgvD2hMO3GXHu66ScRlyDWjhC3b0MdFj5e2ixR0Qrf5b8qaZIi1KEPiU5E-0-DFj_PoFXZx0jJZzi8aOLcCq6ZXPwnCT0PS3FyjZhUpGzVfXnAYr8QdLY2d5WXqEG1nWIu7Ac-WXKLwVMQM4ABwriUqX0nc2FdvqiWxjvU8J0qnGVtOCPtV2LX-A" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="274" data-original-width="450" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEib2BtgvD2hMO3GXHu66ScRlyDWjhC3b0MdFj5e2ixR0Qrf5b8qaZIi1KEPiU5E-0-DFj_PoFXZx0jJZzi8aOLcCq6ZXPwnCT0PS3FyjZhUpGzVfXnAYr8QdLY2d5WXqEG1nWIu7Ac-WXKLwVMQM4ABwriUqX0nc2FdvqiWxjvU8J0qnGVtOCPtV2LX-A" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">When I was a history student (see About Me on the right) I had already read </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #666666;">H. G. Wells</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #666666;">’ <i>The Outline of History</i>, subtitled "The Whole Story of Man", chronicling the history of the world from the origin of the Earth to the First World War</span><span style="background: white; color: #666666; font-family: Roboto;">. </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #666666;">Then I read chunks of </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #666666;">Arnold Toynbee</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #666666;">’s <i>A Study of History</i>, which was much in fashion in the late 1940s. Toynbee was an admirer of another universalist historian, </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #666666;">Ibn Khaldun</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #666666;">, part of whose <i>Muqaddima</i> (Preface) I had to read in my Arabic programme. I learned from these to admire their explicative power while remaining suspicious of their generalisations. Anyway I learned that whatever the drawbacks, an enlightening universal history could be attempted by great minds.</span></p><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #666666; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #666666;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">This brings me to one of the latest developments in translatology, namely an explosion of interest in </span>the history of translation<span style="font-weight: normal;">. There have been studies of that history in the past. My first acquaintance came from a book by my erstwhile colleague at the University of Ottawa, </span>Louis G. Kelly<span style="font-weight: normal;">. His <i>The True Interpreter</i> is still worth reading. It's as much a history of ideas about translation, i.e. <i>translatology</i>, as it is about its practices. It makes no claim to being universal; on the contrary, as its subtitle says, it’s only a history of translation “in the West”. Nonetheless it covers a large slice of universal history. From it some of the recurring themes can be adduced; for instance </span>the eternal opposition of free and literal<span style="font-weight: normal;">, summed up in the famous saying of St Jerome,<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0c1219; font-weight: normal;"></span></span></h1><blockquote><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0c1219; font-weight: normal;">“For I myself not only admit but freely proclaim that in translating from the Greek I render sense for sense and not word for word, except in the case of the Holy Scriptures, where even the order of the words is a mystery.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0c1219; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1></blockquote><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0c1219;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The blossoming current interest in translation history has led to the formation of an organisation, the </span>History and Translation Network<span style="font-weight: normal;">. Its headquarters are under </span>Christopher Rundle<span style="font-weight: normal;"> at the </span>University of Bologna<span style="font-weight: normal;">, a university that has established itself as a leader in translatology research in the past decade. In May it held its first major conference, in Tallinn, and the response was amazing: over a hundred papers. I hope to say more about it in another post.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0c1219; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0c1219; font-weight: normal;">For the moment I want to draw attention to another of its productions: its </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0c1219;"><i>Manifesto</i></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0c1219; font-weight: normal;">. For the most part it’s unexceptionable. However, there is one item in it that sticks out like a sore thumb. It’s the statement that </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0c1219;">“</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #565656;">there is no such thing as a universal history of translation.”<span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #565656; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #565656; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">To say that “there is no such thing” goes beyond saying that we don’t yet have a universal history to implying that such a history is impossible. Yet my earlier training recounted above leads me not only to think that one possible but to look around for attempts at it.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #565656; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #565656; font-weight: normal;">A universal history must begin at the beginning. The best-known universal history, the Bible, opens with “In the beginning…” The beginning of translation is lost in the mists of time, but we can make some suppositions. First, it didn’t begin with written translation. Spoken language long preceded the written, and therefore the history of translation must begin with interpreting. We have evidence of interpreting going back four thousand years. </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">The earliest image of an interpreter is that of </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #333333;">Shu-Ilishu</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">, an interpreter of the Meluhhan language (generally held to be a language of the Indus civilization) from ca. 2020 BCE. (For more on him, enter <i>shu-ilishu</i> in the Search box on the right.) Certainly the </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #666666; font-weight: normal;">invention of written translation, which must have accompanied he invention of writing, was a very important next step.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><blockquote>“It is known that translation was carried out as early as the Mesopotamian era when the Sumerian poem, Gilgamesh, was translated into Asian languages. This dates back to around the<strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> second millennium BC</span></strong>. Other ancient translated works include those carried out by Buddhist monks who translated Indian documents into Chinese.”</blockquote><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">A universal history must also have an end, which is usually the present day because histories are not predictions. For translation the end is more visible than the beginning. It’s </span>computerisation<span style="font-weight: normal;">. The evidence is everywhere on the internet.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">That leaves a large gap to be filled in.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">One thinker who proposed a model to do it was my mentor in translatology, the Bulgarian semiotician </span>Alexander Lyudskanov<span style="font-weight: normal;">. In the early pages of his magnum opus <i>Human and Machine Translation</i> (see Sources below) he linked the evolution of written translation to the development of texts. Certain text types being much in demand at certain periods, he said, the manner of translating varied to match them. In chronological order, religious, legal, literary and technical texts had this effect. It was a good try, but like Kelly he was bound by the Western tradition though he included Soviet Russia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">One constant wavering that we ourselves have noticed in connection with our Natural Translation Hypothesis is the tendency towards trained professional translators versus the prevalence of untrained translators. It’s far from modern.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">A universal history cannot be just a chronological listing of events and people; there wouldn’t be room for them all. Rather it must deal in <o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">trends – long-term trends – and underlying forces. Some of them can be discerned in translation history. Therefore the confection of a universal history may be difficult but it’s not impossible. To deny it is a failure to see the wood for the trees.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #666666; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sources<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #666666; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">H. G. Wells. <i>The Outline of History</i>. London: Newnes, 1919.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #666666; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #666666; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Arnold J. Toynbee. <i>A Study of History</i>. 6 volumes. Oxford University Press, 1946.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #666666; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #666666; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ibn Khaldun. <i>Wikipedia</i>, 2022.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #666666; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #666666; font-weight: normal;">Louis G. Kelly. </span><span class="a-size-extra-large"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #0f1111; font-weight: normal;"><i>The True Interpreter: A History of Translation Theory and Practice in the West</i>. New York: St Martin’s, 1979.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #0f1111; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">St. Jerome. <i>Letter to Pammachius on the best method of translating</i>. In Kelly.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-weight: normal;">Aleksander Lyudskanov. </span><a href="http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=moreTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=BLL01002297414&indx=3&recIds=BLL01002297414&recIdxs=2&elementId=2&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&frbg=&&dscnt=0&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&vl(2084770704UI0)=any&tb=t&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&srt=rank&tab=local_tab&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=lyudskanov&dstmp=1656081890099" style="font-weight: normal;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">Превеждат</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;"> </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">човекът и машината</span></a><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-weight: normal;">(Human and machine translation). Revised and expanded edn., ed. Elena Paskaleva. Preface by Miroslav Yanakiev. Sofia: Narodna Kultura, 1980. There are German, French and Italian translations.</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #32322f;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-weight: normal;"><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Christopher Rundle. https://www.academia.edu/49109038/Launch_of_the_History_and_Translation_Network.</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1></span></span></div><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Image<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sikh message of universality at Parliament of World’s Religions, 2021.</span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #4b4b4b; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #4b4b4b; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><br /></h1>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-30394299599319262342022-06-21T02:22:00.000-07:002022-06-21T02:22:21.026-07:00Young Interpreters Asks for Your Help<p> </p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhFqxzpB95Ms4UWq2ANgJir4PimANvHubGl-A7fvaCI8XpL1_KejA3M7Ay2khF_hK90scLL-05VajshX0SvbM79fY-rySG3DwQIAfpm8xYP2GJHJ2ns7cNuBvFTacCZym0TYYhKdXGsyOtC2RO9fi5cCX6H-0RJXMbr27JQJswNHNxI3yN3xsbTZvDVDQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="257" data-original-width="196" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhFqxzpB95Ms4UWq2ANgJir4PimANvHubGl-A7fvaCI8XpL1_KejA3M7Ay2khF_hK90scLL-05VajshX0SvbM79fY-rySG3DwQIAfpm8xYP2GJHJ2ns7cNuBvFTacCZym0TYYhKdXGsyOtC2RO9fi5cCX6H-0RJXMbr27JQJswNHNxI3yN3xsbTZvDVDQ" width="183" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Over the years this blog has reported several
times on <b>Young Interpreters (YI)</b>. To retrieve some of the posts, enter <i>emtas</i> in
the Search box on the right.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">YI is outstanding because it consists not just
of a single institution but of a widespread movement in British schools and even
beyond them. It lives up to its name by providing interpreting by the bilingual
children themselves when needed; but it goes beyond that by helping to
integrate newly arrived immigrants through a buddy system. Its success has been
due in no small measure to the dynamism of <b>Astrid Dinneen</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Now<b> Hampshire EMTAS</b>, the regional education
authority in southern England that is the sponsor of YI, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is in the process of revamping their leaflet
which aims to support </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">parents
in bringing up their children bilingually, and asks for your help. The team
would also like to create a brand-new publication for children and young people
growing up in more than one language and is interested to hear what Young
Interpreters think this publication should include. Should it explain the
importance of maintaining your languages? Should it show you how you can use
your languages to help you with your learning? Should it tell you more about
heritage language GCSEs? You tell us. Contributions in the form of photos,
artwork, videos, audio recording etc. are welcome from Young Interpreters of
all ages in Hampshire and the rest of the world. The most outstanding entries
will receive a prize. Please contact Astrid Dinneen at
astrid.dinneen@hants.gov.uk with your ideas and examples by the end of the
Summer term. Pictures of children must be carefully reviewed by each
participating school to ensure all have permission from their parents/guardians,</span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><br /></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><b>Source </b></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;">Astrid Dinneen. Your latest edition of the Young Interpreters Newsletter. Basingstoke: EMTAS, June 2022.</p>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-76757266866045945662022-06-14T04:58:00.049-07:002022-06-16T01:54:53.016-07:00Updates on Cuneiform, Fixers and the Booker<p> </p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Update on cuneiform</b></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">Last year there was a post
on this blog about George Smith, the first decoder and translator of cuneiform
writing. To retrieve it, enter <i>george smith</i> in the search box on the right. Now
the BBC has produced a video about the significance of his work; it’s elementary
but good for school use. To view it, go to</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ideas/videos/the-ancient-secrets-revealed-by-deciphered-tablets/p0bcq7gs">https://www.bbc.co.uk/ideas/videos/the-ancient-secrets-revealed-by-deciphered-tablets/p0bcq7gs</a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">or click [<a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ideas/videos/the-ancient-secrets-revealed-by-deciphered-tablets/p0bcq7gs" target="_blank">HERE</a>].</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p><br /></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Update on fixers</b></span><o:p></o:p></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><br /></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><i>Fixer</i> is a term that came
into fashion during the Afghan war. It designated interpreters for the military
and for journalists, and whose tasks went well beyond language translation. To find
our several posts about them, enter <i>fixers</i> in the Search box on the right. With the demise of Western intervention in
Afghanistan the term has become less common, but it will surely persist.</p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">Now a French documentary
film about them has come out.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #1d2228;"></span></p><blockquote><span style="color: #1d2228;">"The local helpers known as fixers are vital for
journalists working in countries where there is conflict and political
instability. A documentary by a French reporter highlights the dedication of
his contacts in Afghanistan, Mexico, Syria, the Democratic Republic of Congo,
and Ukraine. </span><span style="color: #1d2228;">French reporter </span><b style="color: #1d2228;">Charles Villa</b><span style="color: #1d2228;">’s documentary </span><i style="color: #1d2228;">Fixers</i><span style="color: #1d2228;"> is a tribute to
those behind the scenes. Fixers are the “bridge” between the many actors in the
field and journalists, providing anything from contacts, translation,
transport, even, sometimes, accommodation."</span></blockquote><span style="color: #1d2228;"></span><p></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #1d2228;"><br /></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 9.6pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #1d2228;">For more, go to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 9.6pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #1d2228;">https://uk.news.yahoo.com/never-without-fixer-french-documentary-091713073.html<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 9.6pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #1d2228;">or click [<a href="https://uk.news.yahoo.com/never-without-fixer-french-documentary-091713073.html">HERE</a>].</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: black;">Source</span><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Never
without my fixer: French documentary a shout-out to hidden colleagues. <o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><i>Yahoo News</i>, 12 June 2022.</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Update on Indian literary
translation</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p><span style="color: black;">
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">A bee that has been
buzzing around this blog for years is the lack of attention paid in the West to
Indian literary translation, even in academic circles, notwithstanding the
enormous amount of such translation due to the number of live Indian languages
and the persistence of English as a lingua franca. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For examples of our concern, enter <i>india</i> in
the Search box on the right.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;">But now attention has
momentarily exploded because the English translation of an Indian novel has won
the coveted International Booker Prize. The novel is </span><span style="background: white; color: #4b4b4b;"><b>Geetanjali Shree’s <i>Tomb of Sand</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #4b4b4b;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #4b4b4b;">The publicity for Tomb of Sand is
very welcome. Nevertheless it has some quirks. <b>Pavan Varma</b>’s article referenced
below discusses the reaction in India itself:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #4b4b4b;"></span></p><blockquote><span style="background: white; color: #4b4b4b;">“I am proud and very happy for
Geetanjali. She fully deserves this belated recognition. But I would have been
even happier if her creativity was more befittingly recognised in her own
country before the Booker Prize.”</span></blockquote><p></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #4b4b4b;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">There is a danger that Westerners unacquainted
with India may jump to the conclusion that Hindi is the country’s most important
literary language and remain ignorant of other riches like Tamil. </span>One surprise is that the translator, despite
the ready availability of English translators in India, is an American. This is
not to downplay the quality of the translation, which has been widely praised;
and no doubt its quality was a factor in the Booker decision. Nevertheless, it
is sometimes said that a translation should sound as if the original author
were speaking.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So we may wonder whether
the work might not sound more genuine in the voice of an Indian translator
using the slightly nuanced dialect of Indian English. Just wondering.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sources<o:p style="font-weight: normal;"></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #4b4b4b; font-weight: normal;">Geetanjali Shree. <i>Tomb of Sand</i>. Translated from Hindi by
Daisy Rockwell. Haryana: Penguin, 2022.</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #4b4b4b; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></div>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">Pavan
K. Varma. A publishing wasteland: India needs translations. <i>The Asian Age</i>, 12
June 2022.</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #4b4b4b;"> </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><br /></span><p></p>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-77882392224575374462022-05-23T01:31:00.003-07:002022-05-28T08:26:05.141-07:00Bi-Music<p></p><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6-jYethxTC32oAFNr-2NXMAVSYPkuF8tzrjdqv33aHgaGsDANUPqgcAGhJ_d38fZllRAI2mYbqXVxcQa5vBBX2WfISRM0swj-reqyK826IcNZ8w7ZM32UQiBqdN4kZhFIzIASZ0l7s25w7vqYBMWrBDysp9dOSx15-uOxlJtoKK0-ghMfMQIAuDCcwg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="480" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6-jYethxTC32oAFNr-2NXMAVSYPkuF8tzrjdqv33aHgaGsDANUPqgcAGhJ_d38fZllRAI2mYbqXVxcQa5vBBX2WfISRM0swj-reqyK826IcNZ8w7ZM32UQiBqdN4kZhFIzIASZ0l7s25w7vqYBMWrBDysp9dOSx15-uOxlJtoKK0-ghMfMQIAuDCcwg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444;">Back in 1988 I published one of the
earliest articles on the alignment of translations with their originals (see
Sources below). I was not the only one to think of it about that time but I did
have one distinction: I proposed a term for it, namely <b><i>bitext</i></b>. More precisely bitext
was defined as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444;"></span></p><blockquote><span style="background: white; color: #444444;">“</span><span class="a"><span style="background: rgb(243, 244, 250); border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.75pt; padding: 0cm;">bilingual hypertext stored
in such a way that each </span></span><span class="a"><span style="background: rgb(243, 244, 250); border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;">retrievable segment consists of a segment in one language
linked to a segment in the other language which has the same meaning.”</span></span></blockquote><span class="a"><span style="background: rgb(243, 244, 250); border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span class="a"><span style="background: rgb(243, 244, 250); border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: #f3f4fa;">This technique
soon turned out to be of great practical importance because it provided the
data required for the statistical machine translation that made MT popular.
However, the psychological implication of bitext which had been mentioned in
the 1988 article, that is to say the simultaneous presence of the two texts in
the working translator’s mind, was overlooked.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span class="a"><span style="background: rgb(243, 244, 250); border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span class="a"><span style="background: rgb(243, 244, 250); border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;">According to
the <i>natural translation hypothesis</i> (NTH) and some<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>semioticians, language translating is not a
basic human competence but a specialisation of a more general competence that
in NTH we call <b><i>conversion</i></b>. Conversion is the ability to transform any form of
expression of ideas and sentiments into any other form and moreover to conduct
operations on it, such as summarising, during the conversion. Since conversion
ability is universal, it is predictable that there are other forms of
expression that can be organised in a way analogous to bitext. <b>One of them is
music</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span class="a"><span style="background: rgb(243, 244, 250); border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span class="a"><span style="background: rgb(243, 244, 250); border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;"><i>Music</i> in
this post is shorthand for western classical music.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That kind of music has been recorded for
centuries in a code or notation with a rich vocabulary of symbols like <i>breves</i>
and <i>crotchets</i> augmented with a few natural language words, mostly Italian, and
a syntax displayed on <i>staves</i> for joining them. We will refer to it here simply as
<i>notation</i>. Notation offers an advantage over the natural language wording of
bitext. Whereas language wording has to be <i>chunked</i> into convenient <i>translation unit</i> segments by complicated computing, music notation already
has its chunking prescribed into units called <i>bars</i>.</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span class="a"><span style="background: rgb(243, 244, 250); border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span class="a"><span style="background: rgb(243, 244, 250); border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; padding: 0cm;">These days conversion
from notation to MIDI sound in the form of a MIDI file can be performed automatically by software like </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444;"><i>ScanScore</i> (see below); moreover ScanScore is
reversible. But in this post we are concerned only with human conversion.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444;">The human conversion from notation
to sound is not direct. First the notation must be perceived and decoded. Then,
more important, it must be converted to muscular code. This code directs the
performer’s fingers, lips, feet, etc., and vocal tract in the case of singers.
There’s a developmental progression in which the conversion begins consciously
but becomes internalised and intuitive with practice. Here’s <b>Werner Goeble</b>’s description
of how it works in the case of pianists:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #111111;"></span></p><blockquote><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #111111;">“Pianists achieve extreme levels of virtuosity on
their instrument, requiring a combination of talent and decade-long continuous
and deliberate practice, training, and experience. As with all musical
behaviors, body movements in piano performance are goal directed, aiming at
producing intended sounds with utmost precision and accuracy in expressive
parameters such as timing, dynamics, timbre, and articulation. Body movements
in piano performance may also serve communicative purposes such as to express
emotional states or to coordinate with co-performers. Pianists control the
timing and chain of velocities of the individual piano hammers by varying the
forces applied to the piano key surfaces, as well as to the three pedals
through their feet. The key forces are accomplished by coordinating the
kinematic chain from their shoulders to the fingertips aligned with feet
movements to manipulate the pedals. As kinematic properties such as finger
velocity covary with performance parameters (tempo, dynamics, etc.), pianists
have to stabilize several parameters of movement kinematics and musical
expression simultaneously. The intrinsic way the fingers arrive at the piano
key surface, referred to as piano touch (i.e., pressing versus striking a piano
key), yields different tactile and other sensory percepts to the pianists
themselves and the audiences alike, making this parameter an important one in
accomplished piano performance.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #111111;"></span></p></blockquote><p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #111111;">Finally the music arrives at the outcome of the chain
of conversions as structured sound. Note that music is not just sound but
structured sound. That’s the other half of bi-music. We need to have it in a
stable form that can be recorded, stored and processed. One such medium is <i>MIDI</i>
files but there are others.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #111111;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #111111;">So now we are ready to offer a definition of
bi-music. It would be as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #111111;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #111111;"></span></p><blockquote>Bi-music is music in standard music notation and
chunked into bars, coupled with a MIDI or other sound recording of the same
music and stored in such a way that retrieving any bar of the notation
automatically retrieves also the corresponding MIDI or similar segment; or vice versa.</blockquote><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #111111;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #111111;">Would it be of any practical use? Perhaps more to
musicologists and copyright lawyers than to musicians. However, when bitext was
introduced, though it had a practical purpose it was not immediately obvious
how very useful it would be.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Examples-of-finger-keystrokes-on-the-piano-with-contrasting-movement-efficiency-Stick_fig1_314269464" title="Fig. 1 Examples of finger keystrokes on the piano with contrasting..."><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #0080ff; font-family: Roboto; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: #444444;"><b>Sources </b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: #444444;">Brian Harris. </span><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/34281085/Bitext_the_original_article_of_1988"><span style="background: white;">Bi-text, a new concept in translation theory. 1988</span></a>.
Available at <a href="https://www.academia.edu/34281085/Bitext_the_original_article_of_1988">https://www.academia.edu/34281085/Bitext_the_original_article_of_1988</a>.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #444444;">ScanScore. </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://scan-score.com/"><span lang="FR" style="background: white;">https://scan-score.com/</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: #444444;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: #444444;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Werner-Goebl?_sg%5B0%5D=P9gAfQ-pmhyK91pKwTWIzov2kclmlm8DRVwwLqzoAfujeUrynI2tqm1_aDe0-Vb37IZgeEM.UJPyqD57ek2DPwvKT3o28RBgTcXjbAouxQSGFzZAhk0YhkkYiUeIg-_1ObJPskaZSds0Nyo6-htCuTNds24o8A&_sg%5B1%5D=CvwtjLZTKWDtP1foEnmTt-fJQfF8zN16j3Yn2oEKpNCnLThejDbVxXzjEH1OI_PiHGURZO0.YE4HENg0pO1cLBtPmFqHvNIYGvtFkFiyj2qVTUhLNpn63qWdC2w_egcaEdOOUGsFtVJSYNl08SAbcdarR9U-ow"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">Werner
Goebl</span></a></span><span style="color: #111111;">. </span><span style="color: #111111;">Movement
and touch in piano performance. </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In B. Müller and S. I. Wolf (Eds.).<i>Handbook of
Human Motion</i>, Berlin: Springer, 2017, pp. 1-18. Available from </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314269464_Movement_and_Touch_in_Piano_Performance">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314269464_Movement_and_Touch_in_Piano_Performance</a></span><span style="color: black;">.</span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;">For the Natural Translation Hypothesis and conversion, enter <i>tenets</i> in the Search box on the right.</p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><br /></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Image</b></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;">MIDI keyboard</p>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-22968034752647522432022-05-10T06:43:00.000-07:002022-05-10T06:43:22.155-07:00School Translation Prizes<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj4HvwLWckZR42PFWiqw9MX4FdHtrN0nlWPGw0klrdxMuKNI83ueFYKK2HXAYynS3PEWXl3SisJ8RuC0KhEkBTq4QDxRUWp_Jr4GWbOBynR52_fySP1CsSEEmnRFghsYRlkS26c_gqlQ8u5lOzW5VY_Xhoqt4umSXCgnVOScNdclk2fjE0QITOtkp1Dpw" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img data-original-height="194" data-original-width="259" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj4HvwLWckZR42PFWiqw9MX4FdHtrN0nlWPGw0klrdxMuKNI83ueFYKK2HXAYynS3PEWXl3SisJ8RuC0KhEkBTq4QDxRUWp_Jr4GWbOBynR52_fySP1CsSEEmnRFghsYRlkS26c_gqlQ8u5lOzW5VY_Xhoqt4umSXCgnVOScNdclk2fjE0QITOtkp1Dpw=w320-h240" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Queen's College, Oxford</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444;">Despite the pandemia another year has passed of
translation competitions for secondary school students.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444;"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><em><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #404040; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal;">The biggest of these
competitions, which we have reported on several times in this blog, is the<b>
Juvenes Translatores</b>, organised and funded by the </span></em><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #404040;">Directorate-General for Translation<em><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> of the European Commission across the whole European Union.<o:p></o:p></span></em></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><em><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #404040; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal;"> </span></em></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><em><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #404040; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal;">“The Commission has been been
organising the <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/education/skills-and-qualifications/develop-your-skills/language-skills/juvenes-translatores_en"><i><span style="color: #004494;">Juvenes Translatores</span></i></a> (Latin for
‘young translators’) contest every year since 2007. Its aim is to promote
language learning in schools and give young people a taste of what it is like
to be a translator. It is open to 17-year-old secondary school students and takes
place at the same time in all selected schools across the EU. The contest has
inspired and encouraged some of the participants to pursue their languages at
university level and to become professional translators</span></em><em><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #404040; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">.</span></em><em><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #404040; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-style: normal;">”</span></em><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444;">The judges are drawn from the Commission’s
professional translators, so the standard required is high. Contestants can
choose any combination of EU official languages. The organisation required is
necessarily elaborate since there are 27 countries in the Union and all the
countries submitted entries. However, there’s a striking absence this year.
It’s the United Kingdom, previously a strong supporter but now a victim of
Brexit.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444;"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444;">Yet the British are perhaps not losing out,
because now they have their own annual competition since 2020. It’s the <b>Anthea Bell<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Prize</span> for
Young</b><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Translators
</span></strong>based at The Queen’s College, University of Oxford. (Anthea Bell,
an Oxford graduate, was a well-known literary translator who gained popular
recognition for her ingenious translations of the Asterix comics.) The Oxford
prize has an advantage over the European one: it’s open to students from age 11
to 18. On the other hand the languages are more restricted: namely </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111;">French, German, Italian (new), Mandarin and Spanish. The
texts can be poetry, fiction or non-fiction.</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444;">And there are other school translation competitions
that we don’t have space to describe here, for example the ones at the
<b>University of Sheffield</b> for Year 12 and Year 13 students. In fact such
competitions are becoming fashionable in the UK now that translation has once again become
part of the General Certificate of Education.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444;"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;">We can draw several
conclusions from these competitions.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Their
aim is not translation in itself but as an aid to language teaching. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a5f68;"> “By
providing teachers with the tools they need to bring translation to life, we
hope to motivate more pupils to study modern foreign languages [MFL] throughout
their time at school and beyond.”</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444;">For the Anthea
Bell prize, “over 500<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><b> </b>schools</span> from across the UK registered
for the<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><b> </b>prize</span> resources
in the first year (2020-2021), with 200 selected to take part in the final
competition phase.” This is astonishing. It means that translating is still
widely used in language teaching in schools in spite of the strictures against
it.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444;">There seems to
be no difficulty recruiting contestants for either the British or European
competitions. This suggests that translating is seen as a pleasurable activity
by many teenagers – perhaps as a game akin to solving crossword puzzles. One
teacher says, “</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222;">These are
my first thoughts about the benefits of teaching translation - I have been
developing translation with my classes and most of my students love it - nearly
as much as I do!</span>”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444;">It should not be
thought that these students are naïve natural translators. They are teen-age
students, many of them in the top years of secondary schools in their
respective countries. As such, and as I know from my own school days, they have
undoubtedly had some elementary instruction and exercises in translating as
part of their language courses.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><b>Sources</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;">The Queen’s College Translation Exchange.
The Anthea Bell prize for young translators. 2021.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">European Commission. Jovenes
Translatores, a competition to reward the best young translators in the
European Union. 2022</span></span><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">J</span>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-15152861398372925142022-02-25T03:03:00.004-08:002022-03-02T00:52:06.624-08:00 Translating Atmosphere and Tone<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiTrJPoX4iFyhBAJhbYhp1JPXAEOhskmPtMtEecK0mtediXox-gYvy1UkUMmsLSlcAQo0SrMqvwDmKAeVQwST_xtJ60q3nx8hwDxqGijIMBdBHZxttwyaYKLwrCeCQcj51FXYDZbq6nSROgbXkIOXrhgT1J6sgvFKY7bTFb6VnBGj74Xg7Y2SddyYfsQQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="251" data-original-width="201" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiTrJPoX4iFyhBAJhbYhp1JPXAEOhskmPtMtEecK0mtediXox-gYvy1UkUMmsLSlcAQo0SrMqvwDmKAeVQwST_xtJ60q3nx8hwDxqGijIMBdBHZxttwyaYKLwrCeCQcj51FXYDZbq6nSROgbXkIOXrhgT1J6sgvFKY7bTFb6VnBGj74Xg7Y2SddyYfsQQ" width="192" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="color: black;">In previous posts we have discoursed briefly on emotion
and forcefulness in translating. (To find the posts, enter <i>affective</i> and
<i>forceful</i> in the Search box on the right.) This post will deal with a third
quality of text or speeches and their translations, namely <b><i>atmosphere</i></b>. </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="color: black;">Atmosphere differs from the first two in that it is never attached to a single word or expression but is diffused over the whole. It
has partial synonyms like <i>tone</i> that we may need to use in order to find
examples. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="color: black;">It's important most in literary translation, but not
only there. Here’s an example.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></p><blockquote><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="color: black;">A freshly minted graduate from the school at the
University of Ottawa went to work at trainee grade in the translation bureau of
the Canadian government. At that level, new translators are supervised by an
experienced translator or revisor. The first task she was given was to
translate letters from members of the public to one of the ministers. She did her best and was dismayed when her revisor called her in
to give her a dressing down.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="color: black;">“Look,” he said, brandishing a letter. “Here’s a
letter written in uneducated French, full of mistakes. And what have you done?
Your translation is full of low-grade English. There are even bits that are
insulting. Why?”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="color: black;">“Because,” explained the unfortunate trainee, “I was
taught to preserve the style of the original.”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span lang="FR" style="color: black;">“Oh no,” the supervisor went on,
speaking partly in French, “Le traducteur ne doit jamais oublier qu’il est le
porte-parole de l’État. </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="color: black;">[Our translators must never forget that
they are the mouthpiece for the state.] That’s the
atmosphere that must be maintained.”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p></blockquote><p> <span style="background-color: white; font-size: large;">Now to our main topic, literary translation.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">One of the most famous atmospheric poems in English is Poe's <i>The Raven. </i>Famous not only for the poem itself but because Poe gave a full,
clear, conscious account of his aims and techniques. Extraordinary also because
it has not one but two famous translations into French, one by <b>Mallarmé </b>and the
other by <b>Rimbaud</b>.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="color: black;">There is only space to consider one of them here, Mallarmé’s,
but they have one striking feature in common: they are both <b>prose translations</b>.
Prose and blank verse translations have their usefulness as introductions or elucidations; not
knowing Italian, I first read Dante in the blank verse translation of the
<i>Inferno</i> by <b>William Michael Rossetti</b>. But rhyme is a powerful poetic tool that
echoes in the mind and Poe consciously exploited it. The long
vowel in <i>evermore</i> is not only evocative in itself, it's all the more so because of its rhyming with the same vowel
in other line endings. However, Baudelaire and Mallarmé could not or would not
emulate him and they lost out thereby. And insofar as that long <i>ô</i> evokes
the tone of the poem, they lost in that respect too.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="color: black;">And so we come to the tone or atmosphere of the poem,
about which Poe was explicit in his <i>The Philosophy of Composition,</i> where he states
that its highest manifestation is the one of <b>sadness or melancholy</b>, which “is
thus the most legitimate of all the poetical tones.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Without more ado, here’s an evaluation of one
verse of the Mallarmé translation.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></p><blockquote><p style="margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A
symbolist, Mallarmé obsessed over evocative language. And like Poe, he had a
penchant for the supernatural. In 1875, he decided to translate Poe's poem into
French—and, in the process, draped an even more chilling cloak over Poe’s
already creepy masterpiece.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The
opening lines of "Le Corbeau" provide a stylistic sampling of how
Mallarmé used French to make "The Raven" even spookier. The familiar
“midnight dreary” we associate with Poe’s version becomes the more funereal and
morbid “<em><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">minuit
lugubre</span></em>” in French. The nervous narrator’s book collection,
described by Poe as “quaint and curious,” is transformed by Mallarmé into “<em><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">curieux et
bizarre,</span></em>” infusing the lines with an even stranger, more unsettling
tone.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Once
upon a <strong><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">midnight
dreary</span></strong>, while I pondered, weak and weary,<br />
Over many a <strong><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">quaint and curious</span></strong> volume of forgotten lore—<br />
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,<br />
As of some one gently rapping—rapping at my chamber door.<br />
"'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door—<br />
Only this and nothing more.</i>"<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="FR" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Une fois, par un <strong><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">minuit lugubre</span></strong>,
tandis que je<br />
m'appesantissais, faible et fatigué, sur maint<br />
<strong><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">curieux
et bizarre</span></strong> volume de savoir oublié—<br />
tandis que je dodelinais la tête, somnolant<br />
presque: soudain se fit un heurt, comme de<br />
quelqu'un frappant doucement, frappant à la<br />
porte de ma chambre—cela seul et rien de plus.<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="FR" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">And
the poet didn't just use language in his translation: Mallarmé’s 1875 edition
of "Le Corbeau" is made even more enchanting by the illustrations
adorning the text. The shadowy black smudgings belong to none other than French
painter Édouard Manet. Mallarmé and Manet had been friends for years (according
to the Musée d'Orsay, they would meet every day</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> to discuss painting,
literature, and cats), and Mallarmé would write an impassioned article that
would proclaim</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> Manet’s influence “sways all the
painters of the day.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Mallarmé called</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> the
illustrations “so intense and at the same time so modern ... completely
imaginative in their reality.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></span></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;">So
it was not only an <i>interlingual</i> translation but also an equally atmospheric
<i>intersemiotic</i> one. Manet’s visualisation of the raven, which can be seen at the
head of this post, is haunting.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">In
addition, there is a secondary atmosphere in what is a complex poem. It is
heralded by the opening words, <i>Once upon a…</i>, the typical opening of fairy
stories in their mythical settings, partly echoed by Mallarmé’s <i>Une fois</i> derived
from <i>Il était une fois</i>. It continues throughout, for instance in Poe's constant use
of <i>chamber</i> instead of the modern word <i>room</i>, which has an effect lost by the
French <i>chambre</i>. It’s a gothic atmosphere, in the sense of “</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #303336; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">a style of fiction characterized by the use of desolate or
remote settings and macabre, mysterious, or violent incidents.”</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For
the rest, I’ll leave it to native French speakers to judge subjectively whether
Mallarmé, and for that matter Baudelaire, succeeds in preserving the melancholy atmosphere.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #26323e; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">To sum up the three posts in this trilogy: Next
time you want to judge a literary translation, don’t start by nitpicking whether each chunk
accurately repeats the information in the original. Rather, ask yourself, “Does the whole express convincingly its emotions? Does it do so with the same forcefulness?
Does it maintain the same atmosphere?”</span> </span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span lang="FR" style="color: black;"><b>Sources</b></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span lang="FR"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="FR">Edgar Poe [sic].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Le Corbeau</i>. </span>Translated by Stéphane Mallarmé with
illustrations by Édouard Manet. <span lang="FR">Paris: Lesclide, 1875.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FR"><span style="font-size: medium;">Edgar Poe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i>Le Corbeau</i>. Translated by Charles Baudelaire. In <i>Histoires grotesques
et sérieuses</i>, Paris, 1865.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span lang="FR"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; color: #666666;">Poe, Edgar A. The Philosophy of Composition. </span><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: #666666;"><i>Graham’s Magazine</i>,1846.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: #666666;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span lang="FR" style="color: black;">Siavish
Bakhtiar. <i>Charles Baudelaire et Stéphane Mallarmé, traducteurs d’Edgar Allan
Poe</i>. </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="color: black;">Available from: </span></span><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338633376_Charles_Baudelaire_et_Stephane_Mallarme_traducteurs_d'Edgar_Allan_Poe"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="color: black;">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338633376_Charles_Baudelaire_et_Stephane_Mallarme_traducteurs_d'Edgar_Allan_Poe</span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="color: black;">.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="background: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="background: white; color: #666666;">Jared Spears. </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="color: #26323e;">How Poe's French translator made "The Raven" even spookier. <i>Mental Floss</i>, 2018. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/87072/how-poes-french-translator-made-raven-even-spookier.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="color: #a4a4a4; letter-spacing: 0.75pt; text-transform: uppercase;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">Dante Allighieri</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">. </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #32322f; font-weight: normal;">The Comedy of Dante Allighieri</span></i></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #32322f; font-weight: normal;">
... Translated into blank verse by <span style="background: rgb(255, 251, 195); border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">William</span> Michael <span style="background: rgb(255, 251, 195); border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Rossetti</span>, with introductions and notes. London
; Cambridge : Macmillan, 1865</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #32322f;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #32322f;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></span></h1>
<p style="margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #303336; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Gothic. <em><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0cm;">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</span></em>,
Merriam-Webster, 2022. </span></span><a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gothic"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gothic</span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #303336; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">.</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk96075265;"><span face=""Open Sans",sans-serif" style="color: #303336; font-size: 13.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-74835423133671298822022-02-15T02:43:00.001-08:002022-02-16T01:24:45.584-08:00Literary Translation in India<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgyZtIAuCINXAH5vG2hL_crlhgAKdOPVvUerPpbBzfP9wAYORnEjTdkYY_nnVQ6bNn37WI87ozxUvEsicGUu61uoa7Xm5WKT5C4O5zro2lReohbZqXNTVZfLZxqfcI7nTo4DFKYamT4XGC0wBGRmaCBqRQetdFHB-ckHPaqEgc0UOPCx3D8Ny86AHALYg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="168" data-original-width="300" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgyZtIAuCINXAH5vG2hL_crlhgAKdOPVvUerPpbBzfP9wAYORnEjTdkYY_nnVQ6bNn37WI87ozxUvEsicGUu61uoa7Xm5WKT5C4O5zro2lReohbZqXNTVZfLZxqfcI7nTo4DFKYamT4XGC0wBGRmaCBqRQetdFHB-ckHPaqEgc0UOPCx3D8Ny86AHALYg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;">Surprising though it may sound, I dare to
say, though I don’t have the statistics to prove it, that the country with the
most literary translation into English is not the UK nor the USA but <b>India</b>.</p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;">Two of the most popular posts on this
blog have been the ones by <b>Prabha Sridevan</b>. (To retrieve them, entern<i style="background-color: transparent;"> sridevan</i> in the Search box on the right.) She is representative of the current Indian
translation scene. Like most literary translators everywhere, she is one of the
category that we call <i>Native Translators</i>, that is to say translators who have
not trained formally as translators but have picked up how to do it by example
and by reading original literature. As she says herself, “<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #333333;">I wandered into ‘translation’. I did not know it had a
technique; or that it was both a science and an art</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">.” </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #333333;">But she knew Tamil literature and she knew impeccable English.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #333333;"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #333333;">In the discussions of whether the Raj was
beneficial or detrimental to India, an element that is generally left off the
balance is the widespread and profound knowledge of the ruler’s language. By
chance it provided India with a language of international communication and,
even more important, it bequeathed the country a language that was not tied to
any of its competing ethnic communities. We need to bear</span> in mind that India has 22 regional languages. In
spite of all the political pressure to make one of these, Hindi, the national
language, use of English as a lingua franca persists: “<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #202122; font-size: 10.5pt;">The business in the Indian Parliament</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #202122; font-size: 10.5pt;"> can only be transacted in Hindi or in
English. English is allowed to be used in its official purposes.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;">The success of translators like Prabha
has been supported by Indian publishers, notably the Indian branch of the<b>
Oxford University Press</b>, publisher of her Chudamani translations, and <b>Ratna
Books</b> with its Translation Series under<span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><b>Dhanesh Jain.</b>
But this is not enough. A recent study concludes that<b> “</b></span><span style="color: #181818; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">translated
Indian works must be more visible to Anglophone publishers<b>, </b></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111;">and this also requires promoting writers and translators, and
inviting publishers to India</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #111111;"> to engage with the publishing and literary ecosystem.”</span><b><span style="color: #181818; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;">Ratna is the publisher of Prabha’s latest
volume of translations, <i>Meeran’s Stories</i>. It’s a collection of Tamil short
stories by <b>Thoppil Mohamed Meeran </b>(1944-2019). Both Chudamani and Meeran are
skilful short story writers. The first story in the Meeran collection has a
surprise ending worthy of O. Henry. However, there’s a major difference between
the backgrounds of Chudamani and Meeran and it’s that<b> the latter was a Muslim</b>. Here
we come up against a major Western misconception about the Indian subcontinent:
it’s that India is all Hindu and it’s Pakistan that’s Muslim. The fact is, India contains a large Muslim
minority, about 14% of its population. So here we have two authors writing in
Tamil and brought up in Tamil Nadu with backgrounds that are in large measure
the same but with a noticeable difference.</p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"></p><blockquote><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;">“Meeran’s stories give us a glimpse, a
once, of the inner life of two entities, two identities. First, of South India.
Second of Muslim South India. They are about a particular people but more, they
are about people. They are about a particular place but more, about the place
of feeling in the desert of custom.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p></blockquote><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><b>Sources</b> <o:p></o:p></p>
<h1 style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 15.0pt; margin: 15pt 0cm 0cm;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #181818; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Translated Indian works must be
more visible to Anglophone publishers: Study. </span><span class="text-capitalize"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">New Delhi: <i>Devdiscourse</i>,</span></span><span class="list-divider"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2022.</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #181818; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;">R. Chudamani. <i>Seeing in the Dark</i>.
Translated from Tamil with translator's introduction by Prabha Sridevan. New
Delhi: OUP India, 2015.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;">Thoppil Mohamed Meeran. <i>Meeran’s
Stories</i>. Translated from Tamil by Prabha Sridevan. Delhi: Ratna Books, 2022.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;">Gopalakrishna Ghandi. Rear dust jacket of
<i>Meeran’s Stories</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;">Religion in India. <i>Wikipedia</i>, 2022.</p>
<br /><p align="left" class="MsoCaption"><br /></p>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-59832968619455827522022-01-23T07:41:00.001-08:002022-01-23T08:15:39.470-08:00The Natural Translation Hypothesis is 50<p> </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMuZFAXYQsvCPBoa7k54eG8Ns3yV3LFzz28mq78bnJ-yB9VmIiSf3gkfY6qpa4bMUyJK9m2wrtwShf5FA3JzW1a9XoYVdYUP86XbPANBIASLJ6RG2HOf9LwWFMf2IJ2ONeRkE5jYLNj2ac/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="169" data-original-width="298" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMuZFAXYQsvCPBoa7k54eG8Ns3yV3LFzz28mq78bnJ-yB9VmIiSf3gkfY6qpa4bMUyJK9m2wrtwShf5FA3JzW1a9XoYVdYUP86XbPANBIASLJ6RG2HOf9LwWFMf2IJ2ONeRkE5jYLNj2ac/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><i><br />To all readers of this blog</i></span></p></blockquote></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: large;"><i>A belated Happy New Year and Better 2022!</i></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The blog has been desultory in the past few months due to
an effect of ‘long Covid’, but I hope to get it back on track before long.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">2022 marks an
anniversary. It’s just 50 years since the inception of the concept and term
<b><i>Natural</i></b> <b><i>Translation </i></b>(NT). To most people the inception came with publication of
the paper <i>The Importance of Natural Translation </i>in 1977. However, the term and
concept had already appeared in 1973, not in English but in French as
<i>traduction naturelle</i>. It was in French because it was in a paper read at a
conference at the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), a French-speaking
university. But even that wasn’t quite the beginning, because although the
French paper wasn’t published until 1973, the conference had taken place the
previous year, 1972. It was a conference at which several of my colleagues of
the machine translation project at the Université de Montréal (TAUM) also read
papers and it was my final academic contribution before moving to Ottawa. Hence
<b>1972-2022, fifty years</b>.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">In the beginning encouragement
mainly came not from translators but from psychologists: Wallace Lambert (pioneer
of Canadian bilingual education) invited me to his graduate seminar at McGill,
Kenji Hakuta (educational psychologist at Stanford) supervised the thesis of Marguerite
Malakoff, David Gerver (clinical psychologist) invited me to the fabulous 1977
NATO conference in Venice. But then some bold translatologists joined in: Gideon
Toury invited me to write something for <i>Target</i>; Fritz Pöchhacker and colleagues
in Vienna were advisors for the thesis of Petra Beckmannova; </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Raffaela Merlini (Trieste) and Cecilia Wadensjö
(Linköping) were advisors for the thesis of Diana Cossato; Ricardo <a style="mso-comment-date: 20220123T1241; mso-comment-reference: BH_1;">Muñoz<span style="font-size: 10.6667px;"> </span></a></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">invited me to Granada; María Jesús Blasco organised
a conference in my honour at Castellón; María Gracia Torres sponsored my
honorary doctorate at Malaga, and Boguslawa Whyatt produced a developmental model
of translation competence quite similar to mine.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">If I had to distinguish a turning point
in all that has happened so far, I would unhesitatingly pick the <i>First<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Conference on Non-Professional Interpreting
and Translation</i> (NPIT), which Rachele Antonini organised at Bologna in 2012. The
number and scope of the papers showed that NPIT was an area that could no longer
be considered maverick. The ensuing NIPT conferences have confirmed it,
although NT has never obtained the primacy – with everything else in
translatology being “the icing on the cake” – that I polemicised for it in my
spat with Hans Krings in <i>Target</i>.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Meanwhile there are two important aspects
of NT that are still little recognised and therefore<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>under-researched. The first is its innateness;
for this the abundant proof that children can start to translate very young is important
but not sufficient. Anyway innateness is a bone of contention in all linguistics. The
other is the place of translating in the broad spectrum of transfer of
information and emotion from any form of human expression to another, a process
not necessarily linguistic that I have called<b><i> conversion</i></b>. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><b>References </b></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Bibliographic references for all the
publications mentioned above can be found in the <i>Annotated Bibliography of
Natural Translation Studies </i>at <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/BHARRRIS">https://independent.academia.edu/BHARRRIS</a>.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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</div>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-61758656634238491212021-10-12T02:15:00.000-07:002021-10-12T02:15:24.339-07:00Translating Forceful Language<p> </p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #3f3f42; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCXL0MxMFb7ohXG3dxwwJrMeeo3i6MErqX-KRQ-YwHhNE3RyduZ-Bi2Koc90MtuwQIpFxdHiv1xGFqFdGlSyOORX1FEu8jbhsNP-Hh9c3p-64JZX0WqP0tsaLWZaesmtIa-or08rRyWW0J/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="520" data-original-width="780" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCXL0MxMFb7ohXG3dxwwJrMeeo3i6MErqX-KRQ-YwHhNE3RyduZ-Bi2Koc90MtuwQIpFxdHiv1xGFqFdGlSyOORX1FEu8jbhsNP-Hh9c3p-64JZX0WqP0tsaLWZaesmtIa-or08rRyWW0J/" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">A
recent post on this blog dealt with the translating of emotional language (to
retrieve it, enter <i>affective</i> in the Search box on the right.) Among the less
studied attributes of language there's another that can pose a problem for
translators: its <b>force</b>. The same information, even the same emotion, can be
imparted with varying force.</p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;">The
most obvious modulators of force are the so-called <i>intensifiers</i>, of which the
most frequent in English is <i>very</i>. But <i>very</i> also shows us that there are
different degrees of force. Compare <i>he is rich / he</i> <i>is very rich / he is
extremely rich / he is a billionaire</i>. Literal Spanish translations are possible,
e.g. <i>es</i> <i>muy rico / es extremadamente rico</i> or (perhaps stronger because more
compact) <i>es riquísimo</i>. Simple cases like this one are not a problem for the
expert translator, so let’s turn to something more subtle.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;">In
<b>Bernard Shaw</b>’s play <i>Pygmalion</i> there’s a famous scene in which the transformed
flower girl Eliza blurts out, “<i>Walk! Not bloody likely. I am going in a taxi</i>.”
At the first night of the play in 1914,”Not bloody likely” on the lips of the
famous actress <b>Mrs Patrick Campbell</b> brought the house down. It had a shock effect
on the Edwardian audience that it wouldn’t have today – which also illustrates
how force of language changes over time. But Shaw’s wording was deliberately
chosen for dramatic effect, and a translation that’s not equally forceful and
shocking could be said to betray him. So <b>Miguel Cisneros</b>, the most recent
Spanish translator of Pygmalion, instead of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a relatively</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span><span style="color: black;">inoffensive translation like <i>puñatero</i>, opts for<i> puto
coñazo</i>. <i>Puto</i> is very vulgar.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;">Don’t think, however, that language force comes only
from vocabulary. Consider the most famous passage in the most famous speech by <b>Winston
Churchill</b>, a s</span><span style="background: white; color: #666666;">peech that
inspired a nation</span><span style="color: black;">:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"></span></strong></p><blockquote><span style="background: white; color: #666666;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">We shall go on to the end,</span></span><strong style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">we shall fight</span></strong><span style="background: white; color: #666666;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> in France,</span></span><strong style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">we shall fight</span></strong><span style="background: white; color: #666666;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> on the seas and oceans,</span></span><strong style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">we shall fight</span></strong><span style="background: white; color: #666666;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> with growing confidence and growing strength
in the air,</span></span><strong style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">we shall</span></strong><span style="background: white; color: #666666;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> defend our Island, whatever the cost may be,</span></span><strong style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">we shall fight</span></strong><span style="background: white; color: #666666;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> on the beaches,</span></span><strong style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">we shall fight</span></strong><span style="background: white; color: #666666;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> on the landing grounds,</span></span><strong style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">we shall fight</span></strong><span style="background: white; color: #666666;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> in the fields and in the streets<b>,</b></span></span><strong style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"> we shall fight</span></strong><span style="background: white; color: #666666;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> in the hills;</span></span><strong style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">we</span></strong><strong><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span></strong><strong><span style="background: white; color: #767676; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">shall</span></strong><span style="background: white; color: #666666;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> never surrender…</span></span></blockquote><span style="background: white; color: #666666;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #666666;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #666666;">The linguistic
force of the passage comes from its syntax, its short simple sentences, and
from the hammering of the parallelism. </span><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: #666666;">This structure can be reproduced in
French:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="FR" style="color: #202122; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: #202122;"></span></p><blockquote>Nous irons jusqu'au bout, nous nous battrons en France, nous nous battrons
sur les mers et les océans, nous nous battrons avec toujours plus de confiance
ainsi qu'une force grandissante dans les airs, nous défendrons notre Île, quel
qu'en soit le coût, nous nous battrons sur les plages, nous nous battrons sur
les terrains d'atterrissage , nous nous battrons dans les champs et dans les
rues, nous nous battrons dans les collines ; nous ne nous rendrons jamais<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">… </span></blockquote><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: #202122;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">Indeed
it’s a structure already used by <b>Georges Clemenceau</b> in a speech he </span><span style="background: white; color: #666666;">gave in Paris in 1918 and which Churchill had heard:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #666666;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: #202122;"></span></p><blockquote><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: #202122;">Oui les Allemands peuvent prendre Paris, cela ne
m'empêchera pas de faire la guerre. Nous nous battrons sur la Loire, nous nous
battrons sur la Garonne, s'il le faut, et même sur les Pyrénées ! Si nous
en sommes chassés, on continuera la guerre sur mer, mais quant à faire la paix,
jamais !</span> </blockquote><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: #666666;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; color: #666666;">However,
notice too Churchill’s use of <i>shall</i>, which is stronger as an indicator of intention
than the more everyday <i>will</i>. This distinction can not be reproduced in French, so it poses a problem.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Sources</b></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;">George Bernard Shaw, <i>Pigmalión</i>, ed. and translated by
Miguel Cisneros Perales. Madrid: Cátedra, 2016.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;">We shall fight on the beaches. French <i>Wikipédia</i>, 2021.</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Image</b></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;">A scene from the original 1914 production of <i>Pygmalion. </i>Mrs Patrick Campbell as Eliza on the left.</span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;">Source: <i>The Times.</i></span></p>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-7508989228276624902021-09-17T06:18:00.005-07:002021-09-17T10:59:37.229-07:00George Smith, Translator of a Civilisation<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6JhnSe9h2Ruo2olcgDNSoXV4pUC7NQDnzkkgLm7LFHgXKNKudimgya8V9bTNK_4rUy8mjNWb3rfeLPWssUrnrzxFLxbg5hS5A6dL72vh6pReWnMw4MhnwIniv4tLY98xYyYOv95Gy0H4R/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="206" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6JhnSe9h2Ruo2olcgDNSoXV4pUC7NQDnzkkgLm7LFHgXKNKudimgya8V9bTNK_4rUy8mjNWb3rfeLPWssUrnrzxFLxbg5hS5A6dL72vh6pReWnMw4MhnwIniv4tLY98xYyYOv95Gy0H4R/" width="194" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><i><br /></i></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>It’s been some time since there’s
been a historical post on this blog, so here’s one.</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: black;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333;">There are translators who are justly famous for
introducing an author or a work into another culture: <b>Constance Garnett</b> for</span><span style="color: #333333;"> </span><span style="color: #333333;">Tolstoy i</span><span style="color: black;">n England, <b>Rimbaud</b>
for Poe in France, <b>Raba</b></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>ssa</b> for García Márquez in the United States, and so on.
And then there are translators whose fame is at a transcendent level because<b>
they introduced not just a single author but a whole culture or civilisation. </b></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Such were <b>Hunain ibn Ishaq</b> and his colleagues
and acolytes at the Bait al-Hikma in ninth-century Baghdad who transferred the
wisdom and science of the Greeks to the Arabs; or <b>Young</b> and <b>Champollion</b>,
translators at the graphemic level, who unlocked the mysteries of Ancient Egypt;
or <b>Sir William Jones</b>, who made the first English translations of several classical
Indian works.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;">One translator in the second category is much less well known today,
although in his own day his most important translations drew even the prime
minister of England to come and listen to him lecture. Yet curiously enough he
isn’t mentioned in the otherwise admirable <i>Translators Through History</i>. And if
you are looking for him with a browser you have to distinguish him from the
dozens of others with the same very common English name: <b>George Smith</b>.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;">He was a native, self-educated translator with excellent mentors. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p>
<div style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">As the son of a
working-class family in Victorian England</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">, Smith was limited in his ability to acquire a
formal education.</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Smith_(Assyriologist)#cite_note-2"></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> At age fourteen, he was apprenticed to a
London publishing house to learn banknote </span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">engraving, at which he excelled. From his
youth, he was fascinated by Assyrian culture and history</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">. In his spare time he read everything that
was available to him on the subject. His interest was so keen that while
working at the printing firm, he spent his lunch hours at the British Museum</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">, studying publications on the cuneiform </span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">tablets that had been unearthed near Mosul</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> in
Iraq by the great archaeologists <b>Austen Henry Layard</b></span><span style="background: white; color: black;">, <b>Henry Rawlinson</b></span><span style="background: white; color: black;">, and <b>Hormuzd Rassam</b></span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> during the archaeological expeditions of
1840–1855. <o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Libre Baskerville", "Palatino Linotype", "Book Antiqua", Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Libre Baskerville", "Palatino Linotype", "Book Antiqua", Palatino, serif;">These expeditions were part of a mid-19th century initiative by European institutions and governments to fund expeditions to Mesopotamia to find physical evidence to corroborate events described in the Bible</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Libre Baskerville", "Palatino Linotype", "Book Antiqua", Palatino, serif;">. What the explorers found instead, however, was that the Bible - previously thought to be the oldest book in the world and comprised of original stories - actually drew upon much older Sumerian myths.</span></span></div>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">Smith's natural
talent for cuneiform studies was first noticed by <b>Samuel Birch</b></span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">, Egyptologist and Director of the Department of Antiquities,
who brought the young man to the attention of Rawlinson, who was a renowned Assyriologist</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">. As
early as 1861, he was working evenings sorting and cleaning the mass of friable
fragments of clay cylinders and tablets in the Museum's storage rooms. The work
of piecing together the thousands of fragments was a colossal jigsaw puzzle.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; color: black;">By
1871, Smith published the <i>Annals of Assur-bani-pal</i>, which he had transliterated
and translated, and he had communicated to the newly founded <b>Society of Biblical Archaeology</b></span><span style="background: white; color: black;"> a
paper on <i>The Early History of </i></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia"><span style="background: white; color: black;"><i>Babylonia</i></span></a><span style="background: white; color: black;">,
and an account of his decipherment</span><span style="background: white; color: black;"> of
the Cypriote inscriptions</span> that had been discovered in 1800 (see Sources below)<span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">Smith’s greatest discovery came the following
year, 1872, </span><span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">when he achieved worldwide fame by his translation of
the <i>Chaldaean </i></span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><i>account
of the Great Flood</i></span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">, which he read before the Society of Biblical Archaeology</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> on 3 December and whose audience included
the Prime Minister <b>William Ewart Gladstone</b></span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">.<sup> </sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According
to the accounts of his co-workers in the reading room of the Museum library, on
the day of the discovery, when Smith realized what he was reading he
"began to remove articles of his clothing" and run around the room
shouting in delight. (This must have happened in Panizzi’s magnificent new
Reading room, seated in whose broad wooden armchairs I too did research when I
was a student at nearby SOAS.) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">The text that excited Smith so much is better
known today as the eleventh tablet of the <i><b>Epic of Gilgamesh</b></i></span><span style="background: white; color: black;"> (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English"><span style="background: white; color: black;">/ˈɡɪlɡəmɛʃ/</span></a><span style="background: white; color: black;">) </span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">, one of the oldest known works of literature.
It had been discovered by Hormuzd Rassam</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> in 1853 on an archeological mission
for the British Museum on behalf of his colleague and mentor Layard</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">.</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> He found it in </span><span style="background: white; color: black;">the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Library of Ashurbanipal"><span style="background: white; color: black;">ruins</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> of the library of the seventh-century BC Asssyrian king <b>Ashurbanipal</b></span><span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">.</span><span style="background: white; color: black;"> <i>The Epic of Gilgamesh</i> is an </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry"><span style="background: white; color: black;">epic poem</span></a><span style="background: white; color: black;"> from ancient </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia"><span style="background: white; color: black;">Mesopotamia</span></a><span style="background: white; color: black;">, regarded as the
earliest surviving notable work of literature. By </span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">this translation Smith single-handedly opened
up to the West the literature and civilisation of <b>Sumeria</b> from around 2100 BC.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">The tablet describes </span><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); color: #202122;">how the gods sent a flood to destroy the
world and how one man, <b>Utnapishtim</b>,</span><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250);"><u> </u></span><span style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); color: #202122;">was forewarned and tasked by the god <b>Enki</b> to abandon
his worldly possessions and build a giant ship to house and preserve living
things; and how after the flood he sent out birds to look for dry land</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">. It came as a bombshell to the fundamentalist-minded
Victorians, for here was an account unmistakably similar to the story of Noah’s
Ark in the Hebrew Pentateuch but several centuries older.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">A London newspaper, <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>, was
moved to finance another expedition. It arranged for Smith to go to Nineveh</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> and carry out excavations with a view to finding the
missing fragments of the Flood story. This journey resulted in the discovery of
some missing tablets</span>. Smith spent most of the year 1875 fixing together
and translating the fragments relating to the Creation</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">, the results of which were published in </span><i style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">The Chaldaean Account of Genesis</i><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> (1880, co-written with <b>Archibald Sayce</b></span></span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">In March 1876, the trustees of the British
Museum sent Smith once more to excavate the rest of the Library of Ashurbanipal</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">. At </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikisji&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" title="Ikisji (page does not exist)"><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Ikisji</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">, a small village about sixty miles northeast of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" title="Aleppo"><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Aleppo</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">, he fell ill with </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" title="Dysentery"><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">dysentery</span></a><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">, the bane of many Middle Eastern travellers, and<span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> died from it aged only 36</span></span><span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">.</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sources</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: medium;">George Smith (Assyriologist). <i>Wikipedia</i>, 2021.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"><span style="font-size: medium;">British Museum reading room. <i>Wikipedia</i>, 2021.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">Massimo
Perna. </span><span style="color: #333333;">Corpus of Cypriote syllabic inscriptions
of the 1st millennium BC. <i>Kyprios Character</i>, 2020.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Epic of Gilgamesh.
<i>Wikipedia</i>, 2021<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Utnapishtim. <i>Wikipedia</i>, 2021.</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Image</b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Gilgamesh, King of Uruk.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Source: <i>Geohistoria</i></span></span></p>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-52922983142348770882021-09-07T00:48:00.005-07:002021-09-08T08:41:42.746-07:00The Fate of the Afghan Fixers<p> <span style="background-color: white;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5Or4gecr0lxwTg5iDnXLRMrZt6_Yv7souhX7F_7RbqZvslt0NbwoPTGhhLLgZ7VlMVyFzVFb5AhxLVwTtw8_iWHyzXwfE3q-0tQ2Hb69NKxRPzb4S3kTpnsLHEH576FrFMJCNUG7CxPlk/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="275" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5Or4gecr0lxwTg5iDnXLRMrZt6_Yv7souhX7F_7RbqZvslt0NbwoPTGhhLLgZ7VlMVyFzVFb5AhxLVwTtw8_iWHyzXwfE3q-0tQ2Hb69NKxRPzb4S3kTpnsLHEH576FrFMJCNUG7CxPlk/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Recent events
have disrupted the schedule for this blog. It’s difficult to concentrate on
writing with so many disasters unfolding. A couple of posts ago we expressed
the fear that efforts to rescue the Afghan interpreters who were embedded with
the allied forces would prove to be too little and too late – a prediction that
was tragically true for many of them. Here’s one example.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></h1>
<p style="margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #363135;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><blockquote><p style="margin: 0cm;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #363135;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hero Afghan Interpreter
<b>Mohammed Nabi Wardak</b>, 30, is sleeping on the streets of Athens and fled his
country of Afghanistan since he helped British armed forces in the fight
against the Taliban. This simply cannot be right and it’s our duty to help him.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm 0cm; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #363135;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mohammed served on the
front line in Helmand Province between 2008 and 2011. His commanding officers
during this time described him as an “excellent interpreter” who risked his
life on many occasions. Earlier this year a review in policy meant that over
Afghan interpreters had been given the right to stay in the UK to protect from
the threat of extremists and as a way to recognise the work they have done for
us. <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mohammed deserves
that too.</span></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />
<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />
Mohammed was threatened during his service with our armed forces and continued
to receive threats by the Taliban which have been directed to his family and to
him. He was forced to leave the army because of it and leave a second time to
look after his sick mother. H<strong><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e has had to leave
his wife and family in Afghanistan.<o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></span></p>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></h1></blockquote><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The general
public has a poor understanding of the role of the military interpreters (often
called translators) in Afghanistan. There was much more to it than translating
between English and Pashto or Dari, the two main Afghan languages. They were
</span><i>fixers</i><span style="font-weight: normal;">. Fixers is a term that goes back a long way in a pejorative general
sense, in fact to 1601 according to Merriam-Webster. Hence: “The one-time fixer
for Trump, Cohen…” More recently, however, it has become associated with
journalists sent on assignment to countries with which they are only
superficially acquainted and whose languages they do not speak. In that role
they are invaluable assistants, factotums. They are not only the mouthpiece for
their clients, they are also their ears and must report what the other side are
saying. They aren’t neutral; their loyalty is to their clients, some of whose lives they saved. And from there
it is easy to understand how they became invaluable assistants to the American
and allied military. This explains the close relationships that were often
formed between the fixers and the soldiers to whom they were assigned and the
remorse that the latter feel at leaving their fixers to their fate. If today I
were to update my <i>All of Interpreting</i> paper, I would certainly have to add
<i>fixer</i>. The closest terms to it are <i>liaison interpreter</i> and <i>escort interpreter</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal;">Not all the
interpreters were so unlucky. Some did manage to get away in the nick of time. A
recent issue of <i>El Confidencial</i> tells the story of </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42;">Salem Wahdat</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal;">, who worked for
several years for the Spanish troops in Afghanistan and for the Spanish embassy
in Kabul. In the latter role he even interpreted for the King of Spain. He was one of the tiny handful of Afghans who had studied Spanish at
university. One
Saturday morning, in spite of the turmoil in Kabul, he decided to go to the
office. When he got there he found that not only had his boss failed to turn up
but all the government offices were empty. He took this as a sign that the
moment had come for him to disappear too. His mother and his brothers urged him
to get away without them because he would certainly be a target for the Taliban.
He took the first commercial flight he could find and managed to get on it
thanks to his diplomatic passport. He ended up in Turkey with what little money
he had managed to withdraw from a bank. His children got out later.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Sources<span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;">May Bulman.
Afghan man who ‘risked his life’ for British army sleeping on streets of Athens
after being rejected by UK.<i> Independent</i>, 17 August 2021.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #333333;">Alejandro
Requeijo. </span><span style="color: #333333;">La historia del traductor afgano
que conoció al rey y se salvó por seguir yendo a la oficina (The story of the
Afghan translator who met the King and was saved by still going to the office)<b>.
</b><i>El Confidencial</i>, 20 August 2021.</span><span style="color: #333333;"> <span lang="ES"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="ES" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal;">Brian
Harris.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>All of Interpreting, A Taxonomic
Survey</i>. </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="ES" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal;">Academia.edu, <a href="https://www.academia.edu/12072834/All_of_interpreting-a-taxonomic_survey"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">https://www.academia.edu/12072834/All_of_interpreting-a-taxonomic_survey</span></a>. 1980.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="ES" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="FR" style="color: #3f3f42;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Image source</span></span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="FR" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;">: Air Force Magazine</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-61716316455908924512021-08-12T11:04:00.019-07:002021-08-13T01:26:44.608-07:00Translatology in Nigeria<p> </p><h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZvEixwyHaGA2W7_dnyUMK-Wms2e4y8_BAbRe8aVlG17C1yDaWMG-UpMu2ALEm3nKcCTV-5obG-rMtXNKv0TANdLGN5IScD0dMGz6HJa-gJNpgRr4UptCsUUL3j2Xc27G8BMh3BWHFsCiV/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="100" data-original-width="100" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZvEixwyHaGA2W7_dnyUMK-Wms2e4y8_BAbRe8aVlG17C1yDaWMG-UpMu2ALEm3nKcCTV-5obG-rMtXNKv0TANdLGN5IScD0dMGz6HJa-gJNpgRr4UptCsUUL3j2Xc27G8BMh3BWHFsCiV/" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">We
in Europe are woefully ignorant about the vast continent that is sub-Saharan Africa.
It was with some surprise that I learnt last week that there is a town in
Nigeria called</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; text-align: left;"> Ilorin</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"> with a flourishing university; and I was even more
surprised to find out that it has an </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; text-align: left;">Institute of Translation Arts</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">. The
institute is an offshoot of the Department of French, which is understandable
if we consider that several countries in West Africa use French as an official
language. There’s no other Nigerian translator training institution in my
extensive data base of schools and programmes although a Nigerian Association
of Translation Studies was formed recently.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><br /></span></span></div></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 11.25pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
trail through the highways and byways of Google that led me to make the
discovery is a personal one.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 11.25pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In
the early 1970s, inspired by Eugene Nida’s classic work </span><i style="font-weight: normal;">Toward a Science of
Translation</i><span style="font-weight: normal;">, </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> I coined the term</span><i>
translatology</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> in English. (Its Romance language cognates like French <i>traductologie</i> have a different origin.) The story is told in an article on my academia.edu
page (see below). It didn’t catch on. Instead it was eclipsed by another term with
roughly the same meaning, <i>translation studies</i>, established by James Holmes. The
current figures of hits on Google are very telling: 131,000 for translatology, 2.77
million for translation studies.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">So I was delighted to find that the term <i>translatology</i>
is used by a distinguished professor and currently head of the department of French
at Ilorin, </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42;">Isaiah Bariki (see photo).</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. His interests are not only French but also
translating African Languages. In a paper this year</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> he noted that translations
by the country’s institutions should not be focused on European languages only.</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> He is</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #3d3d3d; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> the first holder of a PhD inTranslation in the University of
Ilorin </span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The university’s web site
describes him as “an expert in translatology.”</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #3d3d3d; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. </span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #3d3d3d; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #3d3d3d; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">He has a remarkable life
story that began in a poor family in the riverine parts of the Niger Delta and presented
very challenging and unfavourable conditions for intellectual pursuits. You can
read more about it in the Adewumi article referenced below. “With French as my
base," he says, "I had a smooth sail to the shores of Translation as a field of study.” <o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #3d3d3d; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #3d3d3d; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To clarify between
<i>Translation</i> and <i>Translatology</i>, Prof. Bariki explains that “translation in its
primary sense means the transfer of a message from one language into another.
It is an applied Translatology and does not fully take care of all that
Translatology stands for. Translatology is an academic interdiscipline rooted
in a systematic study of translation, interpretation and localization, while
consciously drawing his strength from aspects of linguistics, culturology,
philology, neuroscience, history, comparative literature, philosophy,
semiology, mathematics, computer science, and a host of other fields – all in a
bid to give translation the support it needs.”<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #3d3d3d; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #3d3d3d; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It couldn’t be better said.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-size: small;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<p class="nova-e-listitem" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>Sources</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="nova-e-listitem" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">Eugene Nida. <i>Toward a Science of
Translating.</i> Leiden: Brill, 1964.</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span></p><p class="nova-e-listitem" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><br /></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Brian Harris. 'Origins and conceptual
analysis of the term Traductologie'. Paper to the Annual Conference of the
Canadian Association of Translation Studies, 2009. </span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Published <i>Babel</i> 57:1.15-31, 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="nova-e-listitem" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></p><p class="nova-e-listitem" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Ilorin.</span><span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span><i style="background-color: transparent;">Wikipedia</i><span style="background-color: transparent;">, 2021.</span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="nova-e-listitem" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Isaiah Bariki. Translating African names in fiction.<i> <b>i</b></i></span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/journal/Ikala-2145-566X"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0cm;"><i>Ikala</i></span></a></span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #555555; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 14(23):43-61</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #555555;">, </span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2009.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="nova-e-listitem" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="nova-e-listitem" style="background: white; margin: 0cm;"><a href="https://dailynigerian.com/author/news-desk/"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">Agency Report</span></a><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">. </span><a href="https://dailynigerian.com/things-fall-apart-translated/" title="‘Things fall Apart’ should be translated into Hausa, other languages – Don"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">‘Things
fall Apart’ should be translated into Hausa, other languages – Don</span></a><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <i>Daily Nigerian</i>, 30 July 2021. https://dailynigerian.com/tag/isaiah-bariki/</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #111111; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="author"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.newtelegraphng.com/author/440sholaoke3-2/"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0cm;">Kehinde Christopher Adewumi</span></a></span><span class="author"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0cm;">.</span></span><span class="author"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0cm;"> </span></span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #353535; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">MosesLe Voyagé: Moses Bariki’s exhibition
In honour of his father, Prof. Bariki. <i>New Telegraph</i>, 4 August 2021. https://www.newtelegraphng.com/tag/prof-bariki or click [<a href="https://www.newtelegraphng.com/tag/prof-bariki">HERE</a>].</span></span></h1><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #353535; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #353535; mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #353535; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<h1 style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #353535;">Image</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #353535; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> source ng.linkedin.com.</span></span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3267894446738309734.post-32998832986734400792021-07-30T10:14:00.021-07:002021-08-02T07:23:34.894-07:00Afghan Interpreters Fear the Taliban<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAK3CCdfujAZNla-Ls5c3sfTpmaF5VhbZ-Ij7FL6G1LzP8TS5GT9aL6D6_XTV95rvp8PM68qIM8iPprfjOx3iMWxW-cL6QWZ23rvaGh0zsjv7jLR3zhl0irwOs9bJPnS6m90r0F_OgEA_l/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="150" data-original-width="200" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAK3CCdfujAZNla-Ls5c3sfTpmaF5VhbZ-Ij7FL6G1LzP8TS5GT9aL6D6_XTV95rvp8PM68qIM8iPprfjOx3iMWxW-cL6QWZ23rvaGh0zsjv7jLR3zhl0irwOs9bJPnS6m90r0F_OgEA_l/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><br /></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">The news is that both the USA and the UK are going to take in a
substantial number of the Afghan interpreters who worked for their missions in
Afghanistan. Let’s hope it’s not too little, too late.</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><br /></span></p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-paragraph" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #3f3f42; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0cm;"></span></p><blockquote><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-paragraph" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #3f3f42; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0cm;">Zia Ghafoori, his pregnant wife and their three small children
landed in the United States from their home in Kabul in September 2014. </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-size: 9pt;">He held five US visas - a reward for 14 years of
service as an interpreter with US Special Forces in Afghanistan. </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-size: 9pt;">But the benefits stopped there. Upon arrival, Zia
found himself homeless - sent to a shelter by a well-meaning volunteer who told
him it would be a place for him and his family to start a new life. </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-size: 9pt;">Seven years later, the memory still angers him.</span></p></blockquote><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-paragraph" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-size: 9pt;"></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Afghan interpreters and <i>fixers</i> have been described several times on
this blog. To find the posts, enter <i>afghan</i> in the Search box on the right. They
show why it’s only right the <i>terps</i> should be given a <b>decent </b>asylum.</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Afghanistan has been called the graveyard of empires. It’s been
going on for nearly two centuries. A British mission was massacred in 1843 and
two further British incursions from India were unsuccessful. Then in 1970 the
Soviets tried to take over the country but they got so trounced that they left
in despair. Finally the Americans, with typical bravado, had a go at it with a
bunch of allies. Now they too are fleeing. Truly “the only thing we can learn
from history is that we learn nothing from history.” If the Chinese want to have a try,
let them learn the hard way.</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><b>Sources</b></span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background: white; color: dimgrey; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Miranda Bryant</span>.
<span style="color: #1d1d1b; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Afghan translators and their families to fly in to
UK. </span><span class="date-publicationwebpublicationname-pg8gov-0"><span style="background: white; color: dimgrey; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><i>The Times</i></span>, 22 </span><span style="font-size: 9pt;">June 2021. <a href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/afghan-translators-and-their-families-to-fly-in-to-uk-vrs23g">https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/afghan-translators-and-their-families-to-fly-in-to-uk-vrs23g</a>
or click [<a href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/afghan-translators-and-their-families-to-fly-in-to-uk-vrs23g">HERE</a>]..</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: dimgrey; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: dimgrey; font-size: 9pt;">Quil
Lawrence.</span><span style="color: dimgrey; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Waiting for U.S. visas, Afghan interpreters
fear the Taliban. <i>Npr</i>, 29 </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #767676; font-size: 9pt;">July 2021</span>.<u> </u><span style="background-color: transparent;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #767676; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="https://www.npr.org/2021/07/21/1021235878/waiting-for-u-s-visas-afghan-interpeters-fear-the-taliban?t=1627662219131" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">https://www.npr.org/2021/07/21/1021235878/waiting-for-u-s-visas-afghan-interpeters-fear-the-taliban?t=1627662219131</span></a><b>
or click [</b><a href=" https://www.npr.org/2021/07/21/1021235878/waiting-for-u-s-visas-afghan-interpeters-fear-the-taliban?t=1627662219131">HERE</a><b>].</b></span></span></p><h1 style="background: white; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p></o:p></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #3f3f42; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0cm;">Holly Honderich and Bernd Debusmann Jr. </span></strong><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #3f3f42; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">From Afghan interpreter to US homeless -
until reaching the American dream. BBC News, 30 July 2021. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58020494or"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58020494 or</span></a>
click [<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58020494">HERE</a>].<o:p></o:p></span></h1><h1 style="background: white; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 11.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Anglo-Afghan Wars. </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Encyclopedia Britannica</span></em><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">, 2020. </span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://%20tuesday%20june%2022%202021%2C%209.10am%20bst%2C%20the%20timeswww.britannica.com/event/Anglo-Afghan-Wars"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">https://www.britannica.com/event/Anglo-Afghan-Wars</span></a>
or click [<a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Anglo-Afghan-Wars">HERE</a>].<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1><div><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #1a1a1a;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12px;"><b>Image</b></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13px;">SSgt Northrup and LT Smith with their terp. Kilo 2nd Platoon Deployment Photos, 2010.</span></div>translatologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11562130468577763310noreply@blogger.com1